Get answers from academic experts to any study-related questions.
The early home environment can indeed have either an adverse effect or a positive effect on the future well-being of a person. Similarly, a child’s physical appearance and behavior can be greatly affected by the treatment the youngster receives, especially at the infantile stage. For instance, there is a girl,...
From the critical analysis of Genie’s case, some factors increased or facilitated the mistreatment, which resulted in her retarded growth and inability to speak. Firstly, the risk factor that can be identified is the psychological trauma of her father. Her father, Clark Wiley, was traumatized after the incident in which...
Classical conditioning is the psychological process of establishing connections between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response to elicit a conditioned response to an earlier neutral stimulus that becomes conditioned. It is viewed in the context of behaviorism, an approach to psychology that holds that all types of behavior are...
Attachment theory relates to the case of Genie in a significant way. It is undeniably true that Genie failed to form a secure attachment with his parents in her early childhood. The relationship between her and her father was irredeemably severe because of how the father worked hard to isolate...
Everyone can display their anger productively; while expressing it is usually done in four ways: aggressively, passively-aggressively, suppressing it, or declaring it, while only the last of these ways is healthy. When expressing anger aggressively, people may, for example, throw things and hit something. Passive aggression occurs when a person...
The abbreviation RAD refers to Reactive Attachment Disorder. According to Perry and Szalavitz, RAD is often observed among people who experienced early childhood trauma. Children with this condition struggle to establish relationships with others and often demonstrate aggressive and dangerous behavior, posing risks for both the child and the environment....
Both parents and counselors need to be focused on minimizing the damaging and disruptive impact of divorce on children by providing a smooth and healthy transition from a single family to parental separation. Since parents are not always equipped with relevant skills and knowledge in regard to these objectives, it...
Among the factors that influence the emotional development of a child, Jacobson mentions the following: biological and environmental determinants and positive and negative emotions. Biological factors include the temperament and genetics of a child – their influence is difficult to regulate. However, environmental determinants can be easily modified; people just...
Reading the literature and using the techniques indicated will help teachers improve their emotional state. For example, Jacobson mentions the five-finger method for solving problems that arise when interacting with children. The available literature provides advice on how to educate children to control their impulses, change the approach to teaching,...
Inexpressibility includes ideas and terms that should not be expressed verbally, such as censorship or taboo. In philosophy, this term refers to concepts that are too complex or abstract to be appropriately conveyed. The most significant part of the criticism is aimed at the ineffectiveness of the taboo. It highlights...
Adolescents make decisions less efficiently than adults. First, the explanation for this is a little experience and insufficient knowledge in order to assess the situation and make the right decision correctly. Also, adolescents perceive risky behaviors without negative consequences inadequately, which leads to additional risk. Second, adolescents need adult supervision...
Trauma and mental illness are often related to the events a particular person has experienced throughout their life. Specific conditions that a person suffers from emerge as an inherent response to outside stimuli, combined with the psyche’s attempts at processing it. This consideration is even more important when considering PTSD,...
The main cause of PTSD is exposure to traumatic or stressful events. It is difficult to pinpoint what kind of an exact even will result in a person developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, as each individual has theirown specific ways of processing trauma. Such events as accidents, physical or sexual assault,...
There are different approaches to perception, and we are going to explore one of them, called the Gestalt theory. Gestalt theorists tend to think that we perceive “the whole as a meaningful and organized whole, not through separating the whole into parts”. When we receive information, we use “a set...
There are challenges highlighted by Roquita Coleman-Williams within the video, with the major and common one being not sure about where you belong. It causes the feeling that everyone around has prestige and executive presence while you don’t and makes people feel uncomfortable and terrified. Not feeling as smart as...
Sovereignty is the domination of a group of people over others. In the Ted Talk, dominance is well shown in Chimamanda’s talk. First, she claims that their family thinks they are dominant over their cowboy’s family. She says they believed that Fide’s family was poor, and they were well dominant...
A single story is a stereotyped point of view on something or someone. Single tales require vulnerability to convey erroneous perceptions of the true story. For example, a roommate of Chimamanda was surprised at how fine she comprehended English throughout a TED chat. Her roommate was taken aback when she...
The reception axiom-the greater the level of cognitive engagement with an issue, the more the likelihood a person is to be exposed to and comprehend a political message. The resistance axiom- individuals tend to block arguments that are against their political predispositions. The accessibility axiom- the earlier consideration is called...
Domestic violence is considered one of the most widespread and difficult to deal with issues humanity has to encounter. Intersectionality inquires that not every victim of domestic violence is treated equally due to the existence of different kinds of societal privileges. For example, “The White Savior Complex” can be interpreted...
The negotiation process has its advantages and disadvantages, as demonstrated in Table 1 below. Type of Negotiation Pros Cons Compromising Because both sides win and lose, it is fair. The conflict ends immediately, and both parties may becomedisenchanted since neither of them gets what they want. Forcing It takes little...
In order to identify and connect a client’s feelings and thoughts in an initial CBT session, it is of paramount importance to allow him or her to express their inner thought and emotions to understand the overall mood and beliefs. It is important to determine how thoughts and emotions affect...
The four main principles of MI are expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, rolling with resistance, and supporting self-efficacy. Expression of empathy is important in order to establish a caring and secure interpersonal context, which is especially applicable for young adolescents. Developing discrepancy allows a client to align the desired behaviors with...
In the case of therapeutic interventions, DBT differs from CBT because the former focuses on approaches such as mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulations, and interpersonal effectiveness. In other words, CBT focuses on thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, whereas DBT focuses on emotions primarily with an emphasis on emotional control through the...
In the case of colleges, the rationale is rooted in the fact that there is a trend of an increase in severe psychological issues among students. DBT is effective for suicidal people, people with borderline personality disorder, depression, and problems with social adjustment, which are prevalent among college students. In...
A self-development diary is a regular reflection on current and past events, including thoughts and questions on specific issues arising while assessing the situation. Such a diary is a tool for improving, tracking progress, and finding obstacles. A leader needs reflection; analyzing motives, a person rethinks his/her experience and sees...
Reflection in the teacher’s professional activity presupposes a change in his attitude to his activity, and the ability to see himself as the subject of its modeling, organization, and transformation. Casley and Cartmel note that in the process of reflection, teachers summarize their work and apply the experience of their...
I selected three PIAs for this assessment, namely emotional intelligence (individual), gaining power and influence (group), and comfort with change (organization). Emotional intelligence is a critical skill in organizational management and leadership to understand, control, and regulate emotions. Its components are self-awareness, self-management, empathy, motivation, and social skills. The choice...
Individual PIAs like emotional intelligence play an important role in perceiving and understanding personal factors in the workplace. This PIA aims to build strong professional relationships, succeed at work, and achieve goals. Among its advantages, Robbins et al. admit teamwork effectiveness and attitudes expression without violating norms. Personally, I admire...
In individual PIA, I have high emotional intelligence results (80), which tells about my awareness of emotions and their impact on my work. According to affective events theory, people have to react emotionally to what happens to them at work and use their emotions while developing workplace attitudes and behaviors....
In order to describe the utilization of Holland’s Matching Theory by industrial-organizational psychologists, it is essential to provide a clear definition. The Matching Theory by John Holland is also called a Theory of Career Choice, and it postulates that individuals choose their occupations based on their own type of personality....
Questionnaires and tests are surveys which feature several multiple-choice questions, but there are also ones which require respondents to provide their own ideas. Interviews are discussions between a psychologist and a participant where the latter must answer the former’s questions. Psychophysiological measures involve gaining information about a person’s neurological and...
Personality is a factor which is often considered when assessing the work performance of individuals, yet there is no evidence which would prove that it certainly has any influence on it. The term personality refers to certain behavioral patterns characteristic of a person and ones governing their actions in different...
The disadvantages of American federalism incorporate financial aberrations across states, rush-to-the-base elements, and the trouble of making a move on issues of public significance. For instance, the financial dissimilarity is brought about by states contending to draw in business by bringing down duties and guidelines. Moreover, medical care access, expenses,...
Developmental science is the field of study that explores the normal and abnormal course of children’s psychological evolution. Its goal is to understand various physical, emotional, and social factors that influence this development later in life. However, conducting research in this area is challenging because of ethical issues raised in...
Erikson’s theory describes eight stages of human psychosocial development from infancy to old age. The first four stages occur in childhood when trust, autonomy, initiative, and competence should typically develop. Abnormalities during this period can cause such maladaptive issues as excessive guilt, withdrawal, compulsion, and feeling of inferiority. The fifth...
Teaching is a complex process that often requires additional stimuli to reinforce learning. The two most used concepts in behavioral psychology are classical and operant conditioning, which apply two distinct methods in training. Watson’s classical conditioning implies that particular response to an event or object can be stimulated. Specifically, Watson...
The principle of double effect postulates that in order for a certain act to be morally correct, it should meet five basic conditions. First of all, the act itself must be good or indifferent. Secondly, the good effect must not be achieved by evil means. The evil effect should only...
Upbringing and traditions do not allow openly talking about anger, and then negative emotions manifest themselves in the form of outbursts of sarcasm and passive aggression, destroying mutual respect. People are used to thinking of anger as destructive, but it can be helpful because it allows people to be aware...
From this interview, I have learned that psychology is an interesting field that can also be controversial. I have been particularly intrigued by how Zimbardo explains the phenomena of anonymity and deindividuation and tries to link them with his Stanford Prison Experiment. I see some contrast since, in the experiment,...
One of the objectives of the Stanford Prison Experiment was to gain insights into how prisoners and guards behave in prison. Before the experiment, both the prisoners and guards were everyday students who were probably accustomed to each other. However, the moment the guards were given power over the prisoners,...
Most recently, Zimbardo has applied the Stanford Prison Experiment in comprehending the abuses meted on prisoners at Abu Ghraib in Iraq. He noted that the Iraqi prison incident is a real-world example of what he demonstrated in his Stanford Prison Experiment. Additionally, through the lessons he learned from the experiment,...
Gender socialization takes place inside someone’s mind and is ingrained there by the societal expectations of an individual. Riley defied this by insisting on creating his own gender identity aside from the one created for him by society. He insisted that he was a boy and not a girl, as...
Watching this clip was one of the most unsettling things that I have had to do lately. Riley was not only born deaf, but he also had to go through the harrowing experience and confusion of determining his gender. I felt so emotional and empathetic about his state of events....
The main concern that Riley’s parents have regarding his future challenges stems from the grim statistics that are associated with transgender children. Studies show that 41% of transgender children commit suicide because of depression. Although they provide their child with the tender loving care that he needs, their greatest worry...
Riley perceives himself as a boy and not the girl that his parents wanted him to be. It is evident from the interviews conducted with him that he is more comfortable if he refers to his gender identity in masculine terms. From Riley’s story, it can be revealed that gender...
I had a lot of stereotypes about transgender before I even watched this video. I have heard of the gender essentialism theory that states that a person can either be masculine and male or feminine and female. This theory fails to recognize the existence of transgenders amongst us. Therefore, according...
There are different socializing agents that a person meets throughout life. Some of them are family, language, mass media, economic systems, school, and peers. They form the personality of individuals, influencing their values and beliefs. According to the conflict theory, when resources are distributed between groups unevenly, it leads to...
Psychological stress is a complex health problem and several theories have been formulated to explain its etiology. Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional theory of stress and coping is one of the frameworks that offer a plausible explanation for this phenomenon. According to Lazarus and Folkman, stress results from a lack of...
The post-formal thoughts emerge in adulthood. Mostly the thinking habits of the teenagers are challenged from a unique approach that becomes realistic and pragmatic. Therefore, the teacher means that Jina has reached a point of realization that there is no forwardness to life and that she must adapt to the...
Fluid intelligence refers to thinking and reasoning abilities. Crystalized abilities refer to the accumulating skills, facts, and knowledge all through a season of life. In crystallized intelligence, a person is able to utilize knowledge and skills from learning. The crystallized skills intelligence allows easy remembrance of skills and information. Fluid...
Zimbardo believed that his experiment was intended to gain insightful information about prisoners’ and guards’ behavior in prison, while Milgram’s study was aimed at finding out the extent to which people would go in obeying an instruction if the instruction involved causing harm to another person. Vis a vis Milgram’s...
If someone is made to conceal her identity, she feels more at liberty to commit unpleasant or evil acts that she might not have the courage to do if her identity is exposed. The act of committing evil deeds is referred to as deindividuation, and it is more prone when...
Zimbardo’s involvement in the exploration of heroism stems from his invitation to the Positive Psychology Association to deliver a talk on a booked charter. He discovers that however much detailed the book was, it lacked the element of heroism, which he describes as the way someone transforms compassion into social...
Heroism entails building positive social actions among people, especially the youth. One of the most effective ways of achieving this is teaching and coaching them on the same. This can be accomplished through drama and movies about the contents of the Stanford Prison Experiment. Learning of heroism can also be...
I believe that the new communication media, social networks in particular, indeed increase the freedom of expression for journalists, activists, influencers, and generally any enthusiasts. It occurs primarily because of the accessibility of various media resources, where any person can share their views to a wide multinational and multicultural public....
An occupational subculture is a subculture defined by traditions and culture within an occupational group. The occupational subculture is a necessary component of surviving in a specific occupational environment. The occupational subculture is closely related to the unique challenges and surrounding related to that occupation. For example, the occupational culture...
The prefrontal cortex widely contributes to the execution of functions, which include attention focusing, prediction of consequences of the actions, the anticipation of events in a given environment, management of emotional reactions, and the control of impulses. The prefrontal cortex uniquely controls the functions of Jessica’s brain that include impulsive...
Structural violence has long been an integral part of civilization. However, nonviolent resistance began to emerge as an alternative response to injustice. The most striking example can be Mahatma Gandhi and his Satyagraha, which promotes the rejection of violence and the willingness to endure suffering. Many human rights activists, such...
The indirect costs of war can be considered as the consequences that confrontations bring. These include psychological ones, such as soldier PTSD, lost childhood, environmental damage, economic disruption, and the need to rebuild social spheres. These costs can cause much more harm since they have much longer consequences echoing many...
Bandura’s concept of triadic reciprocal determinism shares many similarities with social cognitive theory and, therefore, works in its context. Bandura’s concept assumes that human behavior is influenced by three aspects the individual, the environment, and the behavior itself. At the same time, socio-cognitive theory finds individual, social and environmental factors...
Planned Behavior Theory is most useful and appropriate at the first stage of getting to know patients and involving them in the program. This theory has six constructs that define people’s control over their behavior, and each of them can be useful for determining a person’s motivators. For example, if...
Self-efficacy is the concept of influencing people’s perception of their abilities on their motivation. According to Bandura, self-efficacy affects how people use their own strengths and capabilities; therefore, it is the source of their inspiration and self-confidence. Consequently, increasing the client’s self-efficacy will help him feel confident about his abilities,...
The Health Belief Model and Planned Behavior Theory have several similar constructs with different names. These constructs include “perceived barrier” and “perceived power” since they both influence patient attitudes towards healthcare. Both constructs mean some factors that can interfere with treatment or preventive measures, for example, lack of money or...
Culture and distinctive family conformations play a vital part in neglect, such as parentification, thus mistreatment happens in the family setting. For instance, some family systems may engender an appropriate overlap in subsystems, with members participating in duties that are traditionally reserved for other members. Such actions usually result in...
The four main principles of life course theory are: historical context, time-appropriate roles, timing of life course transition and timing of life course experiences. Those principles may seem less executable for parents who are no longer romantically involved and do not share a household, thus creating a different and sometimes...
Gender theory studies the aspects of gender roles and what is meant by that term in different contexts, communities, roles, and scientific fields. The need to apply the gender theory to parenting arose from the constant discussions of the dichotomy of sex and gender. As the child begins to develop...
Environment Environmental conditions that are favorable can stimulate communication and language development. The conditions that are not favorable lead to retarded development. Children that have parents or guardians around them most of the time have better development in language and communication, unlike those who are in foster care institutions within...
Working with other people, such as parents, helps to support children’s emergent literacy by enabling them to understand the different stages of development in their children. Practitioners can advise parents on ways that trigger language and communication development. There are also other factors that should be avoided to ensure an...
As a practitioner, one can use several strategies to help the child in the development of language and communication in the early years of the foundation stage. Using models in writing and reading while training young children stimulates their minds and keeps them alert, ensuring that they learn. Symbols and...
The use of a holistic approach in children in the early years of the foundation stage brings curiosity to the children and creates imagination, allowing them to learn naturally. The approach allows the children to learn values internally and develop confidence in themselves. This enables them to connect well with...
Psychology research can help recognize social and environmental factors influencing an individual’s level of prejudice. For example, Chris S. Crandall, in his survey, found that social norms can shift in response to social and cultural phenomena. He and his colleagues asked supporters of Trump and Clinton to rate their personal...
I consider that people around me significantly influenced my perceptions of equity and inclusion. Certainly, when I was a child, I shared my family’s prejudices about people of different social groups and religions but growing up, I reconsidered some points. I communicated with people from other countries via the Internet,...
The concept of mental schema development applies to self-care because prejudice is considered a normal reaction to threat, and people could mitigate such reaction through communication and conscious work on themselves. It is connected to social justice because prejudice is an assumption that some groups have more value than others....
The encoding process is one method through which your brains get information. When individuals incorporate elaborative encoding, they digest information according to its significance, allowing it to stay in their memory much longer. After receiving sensory information from the environment, your memory stores or code the information for an extended...
The cognitive revolution is a transition from primitive to more complicated forms of human expression, which was attributed to the Sapiens. In other words, this process was a change in the brain, which triggered the development of skills related to more efficient interactions among individuals. People of the time became...
In the open-heart surgery example, the individual’s self has changed. According to Hume, the self is the result of personal experiences and inward knowledge and evolves as the mind grows. In the kidnapping scenario, the individual identities will remain unchanged.
According to Philip Zimbardo, the Stanford Prison Experiment was an improvement of the Milgram study. However, the Stanford Prison Experiment primarily emphasized other individuals’ institutional power when in groups as opposed to Milgram’s study, which mainly focused on social power on a one-on-one basis. Zimbardo thought of doing research that...
The common average age for puberty in boys is 12 years old. However, research shows that puberty is different for different people. Physical developments in children change their ideas about themselves and affect their social relations. The advantage of early maturation in Alvin is increased popularity, social benefits, and physical...
Descartes is a dualist who insists that the body and the mind are independent entities seeing as he was capable of conceiving them as separate. He believed that human beings received knowledge through innate knowledge rather than the senses. Humanity has the most direct sensory impression of the body rather...
Psychology alternates between nomothetic and idiographic approaches in research. Both approaches have strengths for different situations within the research process. The idiographic approach is subjective and depends on the experiences of the individual. On the other hand, the nomothetic approach is focused on the statistical and numerical aspects of the...
Psychologists apply the studies from animals to solve specific problems. For example, psychologists can study dogs to determine the best methods for training watchdogs or chickens to find out the best methods of preventing them from fighting. However, psychologists also use the study of animals to predict human behavior. In...
A parenting style has a profound effect on the development of an adolescent. Various types lead to different levels of autonomy and affect teens’ affinities toward delinquent behavior, their performance in school, and views on the rules and norms of society. An adequate parental involvement leads to gradually more autonomous...
Dating aggression is a growing issue among adolescents and leads to severe traumatic experiences. Not counting the fact that it can be considered a criminal offense, aggressive behavior on dates can suggest underlying mental issues for a perpetrator. Moreover, the harmful impact of such an encounter leads a victim into...
Friendships undergo significant transformations throughout the teen years, as the social statuses begin to play an essential role. Interactions with friends become prevalent, while parents move to a less prominent position. Moreover, crowds begin to sway individuals’ opinions over acceptable friendships, and an adolescent may lose his childhood friends due...
Algebraic thinking is an essential mathematical element involving paying attention to important pattern aspects, generalizing mathematical ideas and the patterns with individual’s experiences with number and computation, and using symbols to explore them. Additionally, algebraic thinking forms the basis for mathematical reasoning and allows students to use algebra as a...
The relationship between positive thinking and health is highly complex and easier to deal with in individual cases. First of all, it should be noted that in most cases, having good health does not have to be a reason for positive thinking. These two facts are not directly related, and...
The phrase “depression is the common cold of psychological disorders” describes depression as something most people face at some point in their lives. Just like the common cold, depression is the condition that every individual has to deal with. While the phrase describes its high prevalence, it may at the...
The existing research on the subject proves that eyewitness testimony could not be as reliable as expected. The problem with the testimony mostly relates to the idea that the advent of false memories could be rather harmful, as innocent bystanders could suffer from one’s testimony. Investigators often lead their witnesses...
Adolescent egocentrism is a special case of egocentrism in general; it manifests itself in the sphere of personality with the onset of adolescence. If in the cognitive sphere egocentrism is overcome by the age of seven or eight, then in the sphere of personality, it flares up by the age...
The concept of learned optimism was developed by Seligman in 1991 during his routine study of learned helplessness, which holds that some reoccurring events can prove difficult to control. As he carried out tests to examine helplessness, Seligman began to question why some individuals resisted it. He observed that some...
Attachment is the ability to develop long-lasting and emotionally meaningful connections and bonds with others, which are also considered a milestone in psychological development. Ainsworth conducted a series of studies to examine the bonds between parents and children and the ways these bonds form. Her main focus was on whether...
Piaget believed that children’s brains work fundamentally differently in comparison with adults, being intrinsically motivated by the need to explore. He believed that the mental development of children is a direct result of their interaction with the world, which helps them to adopt and implement various concepts. His perception of...
The process of family adaptation to stress can be considered through the lens of integration and economic independence. Thus, people tend to readjust their activity once a threat emerges by discussing it and making decisions together on how to modify their conduct. This initiative requires a high degree of flexibility...
To answer this question, it is important to discuss the existing attachment types. Secure attachment is characterized by the toddler preferring their parent over a stranger and is also the most common type. The attachment figure acts as a source of safety and a sense of protection, from which a...
Human sexual development is a complex topic since it occurs on both biological and social levels. The fundamental dualism of nature and nurture concerns, respectively, these two aspects of the human condition and development. Hence, as a double-layered area, it is affected by the combination of both nature and nurture....
In chapter 13, Berk examines the physical and cognitive changes that occur in humans during early adulthood. Each of these concepts is interesting in isolation, as it represents a vast space for study. Physiological changes associated with both aging and changes in activities, as well as cognitive, focused on changes...
Communicating with children requires objectivity and consistency in modeling and practicing. Reading, listening, and then discussing the acquired information with others is of great importance for children’s development. The skills are helpful in enhancing a child’s communication knowledge and skills, which allow the smooth exchange of information. Reading and listening...
Development of communication begins early before a child articulates their first words. Modeling skills start and continue to develop until the age of the sixth month. This phase is critical for frequent uttering of common words such as mom and dad, as evidenced in different scenarios. From the sixth to...
The Cold War changed the lifestyle of American citizens and influenced the definition of freedom and the perception of gender roles in society. Indeed, the opportunity for women to stay at home was the opposite of the communistic values where everyone had to work regardless of their gender. The representation...
Sourses: “Moral Judgment”, “Moral Sensitivity”, “Moral Motivation and Moral Character”. Cognitive biases are unconscious distortions of perception of other people or their own qualities. Biases can be implicit or explicit and can be caused by a wide range of different factors. Biases can be a result of moral judgment with...