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For each of the following expressions, determine whether it is a ‘word’ on (i) orthographical and (ii) grammatical grounds, then (iii) discuss whether it is a lexeme. In each case, explain your reasoning. a. United Kingdom b. six o’clock c. ouch d. lip balm e. non-contributory

The present question presupposes the transition to another level of language, namely to the word level of English. To start with, it is necessary to define the very notion of the word as such and consider it in its numerous aspects. However, it is not an easy task as far...

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Define the term regular polysemy and demonstrate whether or not the relation between the senses of the bold words in (a) and (b) is a regular relation. Be sure to describe the senses of (a) and (b) first, before going on to explore the polysemy of semantically similar words. If you find that it is not a completely regular relation, discuss any reasons you can see for the limits on the pattern.а.The Smiths keep a pet turkey. в.We had turkey for Christmas dinner.

Relations between human beings within society are numerous and rather diverse. However, what unites all these kinds of relations and social co-operations is the uniform and overall necessity to use language for them. As far as the above-mentioned diverse character of the social relations is under discussion, the words acquire...

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Why should the English language test be waived?

Language is a means of communication that children acquire by virtue of birth. Today, thousands of children who attend schools and colleges speak their native languages and are not proficient in English. If English language tests are used as determinants in societies, schools, countries, and organizations, the result would be...

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Give brief definitions of swearing and slang and list the functions of each.

Swearing is considered to be the expression of anger or annoyance. Functions: to show emotional energy and stress the necessary fact; to produce an effect upon the audience; to express a negative attitude to some particular things. Slang is a unity of words used in a particular social group. The...

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Summarize the theory behind linguistic determinism.

Linguistic determines derives from the assumption that there is nothing in thinking other than language and it determines and shapes the contours of thought and discursively constructs objective reality which is perceived through it. Among the first who put forward the theory which can be described as linguistic determinism one...

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Teachers have several concerns regarding the teaching of phonics. One specific concern is when to teach word study during the day. Respond to that concern.

The process of vocabulary development is continuous and uninterrupted since students learn new words on a daily basis and incorporate them into their vocabulary as they face the scenarios that require their use. However, the lessons that introduce students to the basics of literacy and to new vocabulary need to...

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Compare and contrast phonemic awareness and phonics.

Although the concepts of phonemic awareness and phonics are often conflated, the two are, in fact, different notions. Phonics explains the difference between how a word sounds and the way in which it is written, allowing learners to recognize the basic rules of word building. In turn, phonetic awareness does...

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Besides phonics, explain other ways that children can figure out words.

While phonics remains an overwhelmingly popular strategy for teaching children about the meaning of the words and the methods of recognizing it, other instructions can be used for this purpose. The approach known as the word recognition instruction is one of such models. The word recognition instruction method allows young...

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Describe the theory and research behind figuring words out in early literacy.

The mechanics of word decoding is quite intricate, yet several theories manage to explain it quite effectively. The Schema Theory posits that a learner develops word network in their brain as they build their vocabulary, with every new word being added to it to take its unique place in the...

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For each of the following twelve pairs of words, choose one of the following (bold) terms which best describes the lexical semantic relationship between the two words: synonymy, antonymy (complementary, contrary, or converse), polysemy, homonymy. 1. asleep : awake; 2. hate : detest; 3. light : heavy; 4. hammer (noun) : hammer (verb); 5. aunt : niece; 6. right : write; 7. present : absent; 8. movie : film; 9. cheerful : miserable; 10. crane (bird) : crane (machine); 11. purchase : sell; 12. flat (land) : flat (music note).

Locating the relationships between word pairs is an important exercise in exploring existing linguistic categories. Typically represented as a dichotomy, the specified relationships shed light on the nature of individual semantic functions of a certain word, as well as detailing its possible origins and changes in usage. Therefore, understanding how...

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For the following ten sentences above, identify the semantic role of all the noun phrases (NPs) and discuss the correspondence between grammatical relations and semantics roles. 1. The pilot flew the plane. 2. The plane was flown by the pilot. 3. A rock smashed the glass. 4. Noah smashed the glass with a rock. 5. My boss assigned me an important task. 6. My boss assigned an important task to me. 7. The cleaner laid the blanket on the bed. 8. The cleaner dropped the blanket on the bed. 9. They played football for three days. 10. They washed the dishes for their mother one day.

The pilot flew the plane.In this sentence, ‘The pilot’ plays the semantic role of an agent since the noun is linked to a verb in the Active Voice. The specified NP aligns with its grammatical role in the sentence since ‘The pilot’ is a subject in it. ‘The plane,’ in...

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For the following ten sentences, identify all the noun phrases (NPs) as either core arguments (subject, direct object, indirect object), oblique arguments or oblique adjuncts. 1. The pilot flew the plane. 2. The plane was flown by the pilot. 3. A rock smashed the glass. 4. Noah smashed the glass with a rock. 5. My boss assigned me an important task. 6. My boss assigned an important task to me. 7. The cleaner laid the blanket on the bed. 8. The cleaner dropped the blanket on the bed. 9. They played football for three days. 10. They washed the dishes for their mother one day.

The pilot flew the plane.The specified sentence contains an argument with a subject in the noun phrase (NP), ‘The pilot flew.’ The core argument is also expressed via the use of the direct object, ‘the plane.’ Therefore, the NP in question contains a core argument. The NP, ‘flew the plane,’...

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Defining Phonological Terms

Contrastive distribution is a relationship between two different elements in phonology, in which the substitution of a component with another leads to changes in semantic meaning. In other words, if two sounds in a language in the same contexts produce different meanings, it is a contrastive distribution. For instance, the...

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Describe some of the difficulties of translating a foreign language. Give two examples of expressions from the readings or from your own experience that do not translate accurately into English. Explain from both a linguistic and a cultural perspective. You might also explain how technology can assist in the translating process.

Many translations of foreign languages may be poor. This comes when the translator knows the foreign language extremely well but is poor in his language, and vice versa. There are several difficulties people find when translating foreign languages. In the medical field, for example, new scientific terms are continuously discovered....

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Discuss the role of the brain in language growth and development.

The human brain plays an essential role in the acquisition of language skills by a child. The development of functions associated with abstract and critical thinking, as well as the acquisition of the ability to mimic the people around a child, allows the latter to train the skills needed to...

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Describe the five different theories of language development.

Currently, there are several theories that strive to explain the phenomenon in question. The Nativist Theory implies the presence of the universal grammatical standards that children understand intuitively. The Behaviorist Theory posits that children learn their native language similarly to how they build other skills. The Piagetian Theory teaches that...

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Discuss several strategies that can assist English learners to communicate at school.

The promotion of the dialogue between learners, as well as the enhancement of reciprocity in teacher-learner communication, is crucial in the academic setting. To help learners to build communication skills at school, a teacher may consider using the activities that will appeal to the most relatable experiences for learners, such...

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Please, comment on the importance of the written text in Early Islamic times with particular reference to Abd Al-Malik’s language reform. What was the language reform? Which media did it affect? What do the inscriptions say? Who is the audience? Base your discussion on relevant examples.

The written text was highly significant in Early Islamic times because, at that time, individuals started to use it to write personal statements and share their thoughts. Abd Al-Malik made the language reform by establishing Arabic as the official language of the government in the Empire. Before this decision, the...

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What are some linguistic milestones for early childhood?

By the end of the first year of life, a baby should recognize his/her name. The child should also be in a position to understand simple instructions and appreciate words as symbols for things. As part of speech development, the child should be able to imitate popular sounds. By the...

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Give an example of the way phrasal structure can be used for rhetorical effect.

Inversion is one of the most popular rhetorical techniques focused on altering the phrasal structure to produce the desired effect. In an inversion, the word order in a phrase or sentence is altered, emphasizing certain parts of the sentence. For example, if the description of “a generous and kind person”...

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Look at the activity for teaching students to recognize the difference between minimal pairs carefully, then answer the questions below. What do you like about this activity? What don’t you like about this activity? Based on your answers above, how would you use this activity in your current/future teaching context?

ESL learners need to be taught about the concept of minimal pairs since, being new to the language, ESL students are likely to confuse or conflate the words that only have one minor difference between them. Thus, the use of an exercise that could shed light on the difference between...

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List the bound morphemes in these words: misleads, previewer, fearlessly, shortening.

The concept of a bound morpheme is fairly simple; according to the existing definition, a bound morpheme is a unit of meaning that cannot be explored outside of the context of the word that it comprises: exchange (“ex-”), promote (“pro-”), particle (“-icle”). However, in some cases, roots may also represent...

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Why Was the Yellow Wallpaper Written?

Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote the novel to make the readers think about the social roles they present. She wanted to draw attention to women’s oppression. The author is determined to prevent people from becoming insane under such pressure. She aims to arise impatience and courage. More Information The motive for...

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In this age of electronic communications such as cell phones, text messaging, and e-mail, what is the role of formal writing? How do digital communication methods influence the writing process?

Effective communication is crucial in the business world, and technological advancements have made it simpler and more comfortable. Writing is one way in which communication is done, though its use has reduced significantly in the recent past. People now prefer to use telephones, text messages, and e-mails to communicate for...

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Why is the Necessary and Proper Clause a source of ongoing debate? A) Congress cannot agree on how broad its implied powers should be. B) The wording of the clause is often undergoing revision. C) The clause deals with specified powers that are ambiguous and misinterpreted. D) The clause establishes reserved rights, which vary from state to state.

C. The clause deals with specified powers that are ambiguous and misinterpreted. Explanation: The Necessary and Proper Clause, located in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, that gives the Congress to power to make any laws that are “necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and...

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Which sentences correctly use quotations from “A Modest Proposal”? Check all that apply. A) Swift explains that landlords “seem to have the best title to the children.” B) Swift writes, we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture. C) Swift discusses the hardships faced by impoverished people in Ireland. D) Swift writes, “I think the advantages by the proposal which I have made are obvious and many, as well as of the highest importance.” E) “This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns,” Swift writes.

The excerpts from “A Modest Proposal” by Jonathan Swift that use quotation marks properly are: A) Swift explains that landlords “seem to have the best title to the children.” D) Swift writes, “I think the advantages by the proposal which I have made are obvious and many, as well as...

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What does this quote mean?: “if trees had horses would be single”

It is a reflection on the misery of a tree. Explanation: The quote is a riddle known to many in English-speaking countries. The phrase has a hidden, elusive meaning due to its intentionally incorrect grammar. It is apparent that some of the words in the sentence are missing or omitted....

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Develop : assess :: train:

The correct answer is measure. Explanation: The purpose of this assignment is to find connections between the first two words and then draw an analogy to figure out the missing word. First, you need to pay attention to the word “develop.” Developing means planning, elaborating, trying out different ideas, and...

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