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The lessons of the Black Death would serve us well. One of the main lessons is health and hygiene along with caring for the nature and environment are very important. People should develop skills that would help them to survive in a totally new type of economy comes up. These...
There was a great change in the attitude of people as they realized that death from disease could strike any instant. People developed a fatalistic attitude and everything was a joke, even a funeral. As a means for passing time, they would toss stones at presumed witches or deformed people...
The first outbreak of the disease occurred in England during 1348-1349 and it is suggested that came to Europe from the town of Caffa on the Black sea. It is believed the plague originated in Asia and moved west with Mongol armies and traders. The Tartars had been struck by...
The work “Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura, 1922-1992” by Shahid Amin unveils the history behind the Chauri Chaura incident and its impact on Indian nationalism. But Chauri Chaura incident is interpreted by different historians in different forms. Some historians argue that the incident must be considered as the outburst of...
In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain and discovered the “New World.” Columbus led three ships Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria, on August 3, 1492. He was set to sail west, aiming for Asia or the Indies, where tales of gold, pearls, and spice originated. He stopped in the Canary...
The era of Asian hegemony is attributed to the rise of Japan as an empire in Asia. In the late 1800s, a group of revolutionary samurai from Choshu, Satsuma, and Tosa from south-western Japan toppled the Shogunate. This followed the creation of a new Westernized form of government in Japan....
European history, according to Flavio Biondo, is divided into three time zones: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and Modern Times. The years included begins from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the start of the Early Modern Period (16th century). This...
There are several European writers that provided narratives about Shaka. Shaka’s reign, as well as the story, was revised by recent scholarly studies. Nathaniel Isaacs, aided by Henry Francis Fynn, are two of the earlier eyewitness on the Shaka adventures. They are white adventurer-traders who met Shaka in his last...
From a small clan, Shaka turns Zulu into a nation that ruled over a large portion of Southern Africa. He is considered one of the greatest Zulu leaders because of his military prowess, new tactics, destruction of his enemies, and assimilating the survivors of villages. Shaka is said to have...
After his father died in 1816, Shaka Zulu started his crusade to obtain power over other Zulu clans. Due to his childhood experience, it became his obsession to get even with his enemies as a child—many experienced fatal punishments in his conquest. If Shaka’s enemies could not name a time...
Shaka was disowned by his father, so that he decided to journey back to Langeni with his mother. But they were not accepted there, so they went to Mdletsheni and lived under the powerful Mthethwa and their aging king. Shaka’s childhood and growing-up years may be considered a conflicting period...
Zululand is a portion of northern KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. It extends from the Indian Ocean coast to Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north. The origin of Shaka Zulu is traced back to the story of an illegitimate son of the chieftain Senzangakona to...
The plagues undoubtedly destroyed the spirits of many of those who had survived. The details surrounding death by Bubonic Plague are hideous, and to witness such events firsthand upon a loved one is almost unthinkable. The children and grandchildren of survivors were probably driven to a deeper spiritual connection with...
The plagues made it possible for poor working-class types to move up in ranks for the first time in their lives. So many workers died in the cities that people living in the country areas became more highly sought after for their services, thus rendering them higher wage earners than...
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity that existed in much of Europe (specifically Germany) from 962 – 1806. The Roman Empire was a nearly five-hundred-year stage of Roman rule, during which Rome controlled most of what is today called Europe. The Western Roman Empire was the western section...
Europe is a continent located between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; it is made up of 49 countries, ranging from Germany, France, and England to smaller countries like Estonia and Vatican City. A “European” is one who lives within one of the countries of the E.U; this can mean very...
Native American’s culture and perception of life issues have gone through many changes since the onset of European contact. On an environmental perspective, Native Americans of the Colorado region have attitudes and values that define their perspective on environmental issues like forests, water, agriculture, mining and pollution, settlement among others....
Tea drinking as a ritual of consumption played a significant role to the Anglo- Americans during the 18th Century after tea was introduced by Dutch traders. America thereby turned into one of the largest consumer of tea in the world. The consumption of tea was a ritual that was elitist...
He was a British philanthropist and Colonialist. He was born in the year 1696 in London and he was educated at Oxford University. In 1722 he was elected to the House of Commons and he was very interested in prisons reforms and alleviated the conditions of prisoners especially those prisoned...
It was the third of the four North American wars and was waged by the French and the British from the year 1744 to the year 1748. The two European countries had irreconcilable differences over the control of North America. The treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle marked the end of the war...
By the year 1700, many Germans were migrating to other European nations, Western Hemisphere, and Australia seeking an easier life due to extremely violent conditions. In 1709 about 3000 Germans crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Europe and arrived in New York. Many other Germans followed and most of them lived...
It was the most numerous and widespread immigration to America by non-English immigrants. They mostly settled in New England. Later they were encouraged to settle in Massachusetts in order to create a barrier against the Indians. The migration was motivated by both economic and religious reasons. The migration to America...
These were people from Africa who migrated to America. The migration was either forced or free. In the Transatlantic Trade Africans were taken to America to be sold as slaves. The most important was the so called Middle Passage from African to America, where the Africans were much traumatized because...
In 18th century colonial America, there was a diverse and complex society. In the entire North America which included The South, The North, and the Mid-Atlantic, social classes were quite different from each other because of the natural environment and social policy.
During 1450-1650, the Papacy lost its authority and power over the life of the state (in the 17th century). The new social order was marked by the strong power of the ruler and the military strength of the sovereign. The political order was marked by the emergence of nation-states. Such...
Between 1050-1450, the relation of church and state that was actually applied in western Europe from about the eleventh century to the Reformation, the supreme function of life on earth was preparation for life in the next world. Society was a unit, the Civitas Dei, a divine state dominated by...
The dialog that took place between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, these two “founding fathers,” in the form of 158 letters and lasted from 1812 till 1826 reflected the changes that happened in the political and social life of the young country over the years of the break-in friendship. The...
Ellis supposes that Adams could have understood that Jefferson would take a bigger place in history as far as his name is remembered as the name of the person who compiled the Declaration of Independence in 1776. That is why the initiative for restoring the friendship, which came from Adams,...
The friendship of these two prominent politicians, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, and their problems, has a special significance for the history of the early Republic as far as they were the people to compile the Independence Declaration and formulated the foreign and domestic policies of the United States till...
Thomas Jefferson was earlier John Adams’ friend and supporter, but when Adams won the election in 1796, the friendship was broken. Friends and ideologists of the American Revolution, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams were known for the great similarity of their political views, but the further division of the political...
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 were developed secretly by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison as the counter-action to the Aliens and Sedition Act adopted by Congress during the presidential term of John Adams. The actual date of proclaiming the documents is, however, 1799, when Jefferson got more support...
The foreign policy of the collaborators was successful, although controversial in some aspects. Adams managed to conclude the peace treaty with France and preserve the partnership relations with the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, if Jefferson supported Adams, the foreign policy could have had another shape, and the history of the United...
The author argues that the collaborators, namely President John Adams and his wife Abigail, were significant figures in the history of the early republic, as far as their policies, though confronted by Thomas Jefferson, were very successful and brought the country to the first stage of its wealth and shaped...
Jay’s Treaty, also known as the Treaty of London, was signed in 1794 by John Jay as the representative of the United States and the Government of the United Kingdom, as the manifestation of the end of the war between these countries. Jay’s Treaty allowed the United States during the...
It was a letter to the nation by George Washington, who refused from the third term as a president and formulated the basics of the future foreign policies of the US after his resignation. The main initiatives expressed by Washington were directed at being neutral from the European events and...
The importance of the farewell is great for the early Republic as far as it gave the precedent for the president’s resignation and became the result of the conflict between the supporters of Washington and Jefferson. It also was the first step towards the law limiting the presidential service to...
According to the position of the proslavery forces, the need for the development of the country was the main reason that could not allow the abolition of slavery. Drawing from this and being afraid of the possible reaction of the financially powerful Southern States, Congress adopted the decision never to...
American Revolution, and in particular one of its ideologists Benjamin Franklin, tried to emancipate the slaves claiming that all people are equal before God. The Revolution was a chance for slavery to end the centuries of suffering, but the political interests of certain forces, namely the Southern states where all...
The great silence referred to in the respective chapter of Ellis’ book was the reaction of the US Congress to the claim of Quake delegations for the abolishment of slavery and slave trade. The event was called “silence” because the expected reaction of the Congress could split the new country...
As a result of the talk, Madison became the supporter of Hamilton, who in his turn promised to do his best to adopt the building of the national capital of the country in the South represented by Madison. The importance of the dinner must not be underestimated as far as...
The dinner, which is discussed by Ellis in his book, took place in 1790 in the house of Thomas Jefferson. Besides the host of the house, the participants of the dinner were Alexander Hamilton, later killed in the duel, and James Madison. The subject of the talk during the dinner,...
The duel mattered because it was not just the attempt to clear up the relations between two people but the reflection of the conflict and uncertainty that were the dominant qualities of the society in the early Republic. The struggle of the forces that were united during the War of...
Ellis characterizes the politics of the time as the “supercharged political culture,” meaning that the young Republic tended to set the standards of political behavior, but it led to conflicts between the supporters of one or another political force. The brightest example to prove this was the situation when Burr,...
The whole book “Founding Brothers” by Ellis is not a complete depiction of the American Revolution but a set of important events that happened to the most significant figures of the Revolution and affected the whole course of history. One of such events was the duel between Alexander Hamilton and...
The four main themes are the following – the establishment of the republic on the huge territory of the United States that many people considered to be impossible; hostility to the British Government that was dictated by the Declaration of Independence; absence of any common experience of coherent living and...
Joseph Ellis also explores the role of a personality in history and singles out the eight people whom he considers to be the main figures that had the greatest influence upon the start, development, and the result of the American Revolution. Among these people, there are only the prominent personalities...
Joseph J. Ellis thinks that this difference is so significant because it is not typical in the history of humankind when a rebellion that had no formulated aims and means of their achieving managed to alter the course of the history of the world. What the founders called the adventure...
The major peculiarity of the American Revolution was the fact that it differed significantly from all other revolutions in its aim and in the way in which it was formed. Usually, a revolution appears as a planned rebellion against the regime that does not satisfy the needs and does not...
Throughout history, art has been used to articulate the cultural values and the structure of the society of the various civilizations. The Romans were very much realistic in their artistic works. Through art, they produced things like paintings, sculptures, pottery, mosaic work, and other forms of art. These works of...
During the classical period, the fact that the Romans were dominating proved to be very influential in art and architecture. The philosophies of naturalism and idealism shaped the culture and all aspects of life in this period. From an intellectual point of view, there emerged the need to articulate the...
Classical Greece refers to the time in the history of the Greeks when they were advanced in terms of culture and other aspects of their social, political, and economic affairs. During the classical period, Greece had many scientists, philosophers, and artists who influenced the life of the Greeks in terms...
In ancient Egypt, the dead were accorded respect just like the living. Symbolism was a very dominant style in the culture of the Egyptians and it was affected using the various forms of art. Art was used by the Egyptians to reflect the relationship between the living and the dead....
Art, architecture, and traditions are among the oldest in the history of mankind. It is also in these lands of Tigris and Euphrates that the earliest civilization in the world emerged. Art and architecture formed a very significant component of the culture of the people in Mesopotamia in terms of...
The Roman empire is said to have been the most successful in ancient times as a result of good political, economic, social, and cultural organization.The Roman Empire achieved civilization because of a strong army, which provided the backbone for conquering more lands and acquiring wealth and other forms of civilization....
The development of art and architecture in classical Greece was due to political, cultural, and intellectual factors. Intellectual factors are mainly concerned with the minds and philosophies that drove the people to come up with various forms of art. During the period, the Greeks called them classic because their way...
In the history of mankind, the Greeks were the first people to apply reason in the study of the physical world and human beings through their art architecture, philosophy, historical thought so they become the first ever to think rationally. The Greek architecture consisted of buildings that were found in...
Judaism was the religion of the Jewish people. It was a monotheistic belief system based on the ethics and principles that are found in the Jewish bible. According to history, the religion began when God had a covenant with Abraham. The Hebrews considered their belief to be a divine revelation...
Most currently existing countries in Africa and the mainstream of Asia did not have a sovereign economic existence as recently as World War II. Nevertheless, not all outside debts of these states were obtained after obtaining sovereignty. As a condition of self-government in 1949, Indonesia was needed to presuppose the...
The key characteristics of revolutions are the presence of people’s frustration, the goal and motivation to overthrow the existing regime, and the observance of a political crisis. Furthermore, the unity of different public groups is often noticed, and these groups of activists can have international support. While referring to these...
It is rather problematic to determine the elements in the Islamic Revolution of 1979 that can be viewed as non-conservative in their nature. On the one hand, the activities of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and his supporters were oriented toward developing a republic based on conservative Islamic teachings and views. Thus,...
In the majority of countries, discrimination on the basis of race and gender is prohibited. Before discrimination was recognized as a social problem, the members of the abolitionist and suffrage movements had to work hard in order to improve the distribution of political power. The abolitionist movement impacted the suffrage...
The industrial revolution had a significant impact on the position of the American woman, allowing her to participate more actively in the social and political life of the country. Despite the predominant preservation of the domestic nature of women’s lives, they gradually became more independent. Women were ready to do...
The patriarchal structure of most communities suggested that women and men perform different social functions, and accordingly gave them different sets of rights and obligations. Women were usually dependent on their father or husband, and therefore their property and civil rights, including the right to vote and to be elected,...
The New Youth movement was developed by a group of students in China in the 1910s. It was a stepping stone for the Communist Party of the country. The disillusion with Western ideas led many young people to believe that the only way to enhance the progress of China was...
Tiananmen Square was the location where protests took place in 1989. After Chairman Mao’s death, the era of post-Mao China began. During this time, the country was left without a leader who inspired his party and acted as a symbolical figure for many supporters. However, his passing divided the government,...
The Great Leap Forward was a set of policies introduced by the Communist Party of China. It had been active from 1958 to 1962, aiming to transform the country into an industrialized socialist society. Mao Zedong developed this campaign to move China away from the agrarian economy. One of the...
The party of GMD had members with different views about the future of the revolution. Mao Zedong was a revolutionary who first joined the republican forces to fight the rule of dynasties. Later, however, he turned to communism, and, because of his peasant background and knowledge of rural communities, wanted...
Before 1911, China had a system of imperial bureaucracy, and landowners had significant influence over other residents. In 1912, the revolutionaries that worked to dismantle this regime formed a party with nationalist views, Guomindang (GMD), with Sun Yixian as the leader. The party was built on the principles outlined by...
If an individual has to choose between regarding the Vietnamese Revolution as a Marxist one or discussing it as more nationalist in its nature, it is rather problematic to decide on this aspect. On the one hand, the West-oriented researchers are inclined to interpret this revolution depending on its trigger...
Mao Zedong was focused on eliminating almost all the elements of the previous regime and the social order to promote the principles of Marxism and Socialism in the country. As a result, Mao and his supporters were able to start the Cultural Revolution and overcome the barriers to creating a...
When comparing the outcomes of the Chinese Revolution of 1911 and the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1945-1949, it is possible to state that both revolutions were associated with a complete break with the country’s traditional past. The reason is that the Chinese Revolution of 1911 led to overthrowing the imperial...
The Contras was a counterrevolutionary movement that opposed the socialist Sandinistas. It was supported mainly by the US, as the members of the Contras’ groups were trained and armed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The US was involved in many conflicts in the Latin American region, encouraging the military...
Hugo Chávez was the president of Venezuela and one of the leaders of the country’s United Socialist Party. Before the election of Chávez, Cuba was the only country in the region to adopt a socialist system. Chávez, inspired by the actions of Castro, established a relationship with Cuba and started...
The Platt Amendment was created in 1901 as a part of the United States’ Army Appropriations Bill. It followed the end of the Spanish-American War and defined the relations between Cuba and the US. The reason for this legal document was that the US had an interest in Cuba maintaining...
The Sandinista National Liberation Front is a Nicaraguan political party with a socialist ideology. Its history is tied to the Nicaraguan revolution of 1978, which brought the socialist party to power. Previously to this event, Nicaragua, along with other countries in Latin America, was under the influence and rule of...
Fidel Castro was a Cuban politician who started a revolutionary movement to overthrow the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. After making Batista leave the country in 1959, Fidel Castro took power and continued to govern Cuba until 2008. Under his rule, the revolution was declared to be Marxist-Leninist, and Castro repressed...
The revolution in Guatemala (1944-1954) can be viewed as an example of a revolt in which a comparably strong position of a leader could not contribute to positive outcomes for guerillas. In the case of this revolution, the problem was in the impact and intentions of other powerful forces like...
The Cuban Revolution (1953-1959) and the Sandinista Revolution (1978-1979) have many similarities associated with their start, development, and outcomes. Firstly, both revolutions in Cuba and Nicaragua were aimed at overthrowing a dictatorship supported by the United States. From this perspective, the goals of the leaders of these revolutions were to...
Among civil wars, it is rather problematic to find an example of a conflict not associated with revolutionary transformations. An example of the war without a revolution in World War II because not all countries involved in this military conflict experienced significant changes in their political regimes. Furthermore, World War...
Even though revolutions can result in civil wars, and wars can be associated with significant revolutionary changes, there are specific differences between these types of conflicts. A civil war is defined as an armed conflict developing in a certain country between the representatives of opposing social groups to promote their...
Some of the most important lessons China can learn from Japan and the West are associated with total quality management and employees’ empowerment. Japanese and Western companies have learned to benefit from the distribution of power among employees and flat hierarchy that contribute to employees’ high performance, motivation, and commitment....
Post-World War II Japan and modern China share some features in common. Japan after the Second World War and present-day China, had to launch a major transformation in many spheres of the economy. Both countries managed to achieve primary goals through the adherence to capitalistic models rather than other forms...
In her quote, Queen Victoria compared herself to common women so that the latter had an opportunity to lead a private life while all aspects of her life were a matter of public interest. In particular, she complains: “Every lady in the country has a private home but myself. The...
As a female religious symbol, Mary has come a significant way in the history of women and their treatment by the Church. Her role as a kind and obedient young woman with great faith who gave birth to Jesus and raised him was significantly overshadowed by the dogma that showed...
The book “Chocolate, Strawberry and Vanilla: A History of American Ice Cream” was interesting, and I liked it. As Funderburg, the author of the book, notes, the history of cookery is generally omitted from scholarly discussions, and the book suggests that the opposite approach may be justified. Learning about the...
As well as any other sphere of research or study, history requires accurate reflection of its events and the description of key stages of some processes that would be both precise and not boring to read. In this respect, every historian is a writer who makes sure that what they...
Both academic and popular historians make a considerable contribution to the development of people’s interest in history. However, the approaches employed by each of the two groups of researchers are quite dissimilar. Academic authors investigating and writing about historical events need to base their works on certain practices and conventions....
In 1963-1980, the industrial development in Western and Eastern Europe was quite disparate. While Western European countries experience economic improvements, Easter Europe was struggling due to the complications brought about by the communist regime. Several countries did not manage to provide their citizens with the most necessary things. People were...
One of the most widely known explosions of the 1960s in Western Europe was that of pop culture. The development of radio increased the opportunities for sharing information, which led to young people’s growing interest in popular trends. New possibilities were opening for Europeans due to “rising seas of new...
The debate over the title that might serve as a synonym to Civil War involves numerous historical interpretations. The differences in suggested definitions depend on which side of the conflict one supports or which of the causes one finds the most justified. Hence, apart from the title ‘the Civil War,’...
The highest level of professionalism in any sphere incorporates the ability to remain morally detached from the subject one is investigating or interpreting. No matter how a researcher feels about some issue, it is necessary to reflect only the objective information and not give way to one’s subjective feelings or...
The major errors assessed by the critics in the famous historians involve the issues of plagiarism, fabrication, incompetence, and shallowness. Each of the six distinguished connoisseurs who had relished readers’ and scholars’ appreciation for decades made some unforgivable mistakes that could not be easily forgotten in the academic world. For...
During WWII, colonies were highly important for the allies because they allowed enhancing human resources and keeping additional military bases. However, after the war, numerous nationalist rebellions in colonies rose. As a result of losing such insurgencies, Britain and France, once-powerful empires, had no choice but to grant independence to...
When World War II ended, the Allies’ main concern shifted from defeating Hitler to dividing the power on the territories that had been liberated. The two major decision-makers in the process were the Soviet Union and the Western allies, the USA being the most influential of them. As a result...
When discussing the main cause of the Civil War, researchers largely focus on two aspects: slavery and states’ rights. The Staunton Vindicator newspaper offers the reflection of the main events in the State of Virginia before the war, which allows pointing out issues illustrating both identified problems. The newspaper issue...
Prior to exploiting resources in one’s research work, it is crucial to undertake the task of assessing their credibility and usefulness. The process of evaluation requires a thorough review and analysis of the work. Taking a primary source from the Valley of the Shadow database will allow demonstrating the process...
Finding the reasons for significant historical events is not an easy matter. Such a process requires substantial evidence and its analysis, as well as the process of evaluating each cause and considering its importance as related to others. The American Civil War was one of the most crucial events in...
The significance of learning history cannot be overestimated due to numerous reasons. First of all, it is a relevant statement that those who do not know their past cannot build their future success. Each person should be aware of the major historical processes of his or her country in order...
The views of Europeans regarding WWI before and after the conflict differed significantly. In 1914, many intelligent Europeans and representatives of upper social classes were inclined to discuss WWI as a “virtuous pursuit” because of their specific beliefs and assumptions related to the war. One of the causes to make...
Total war is a specific form of a worldwide conflict when all nations’ resources are used to guarantee a country’s victory in this war. Thus, the focus is on the active mobilization of all human and material resources to address the military needs of a nation during wartime. Additionally, the...