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Project means a planned activity requiring a set of non-routine tasks for completion in a time-limited effort. To complete a project we need to plan, organize, direct and control the resources of the organization for a relatively short-term objective that has been established to complete specific goals and objectives (Kerzner,...
Maintenance aspects: It is necessary to consider the maintenance aspect of reengineering solutions. Maintenance could be said to be the adaptation of the software product after delivery to correct faults, to get better performance or other attributes, or to adopt the process to varying environmental requirements. It is now proposed...
People generally use different forms of information in their day-to-day life. Their accessibility to information through digital media is also gaining much importance in various fields like office, library, and industries. In developing a system, it should be kept in mind that it is designed to satisfy the needs of...
People generally use different forms of information in their day-to-day life. Their accessibility to information through digital media is also gaining much importance in various fields like office, library, and industries. In developing a system, it should be kept in mind that it is designed to satisfy the needs of...
Data capture can be defined as the collection, interpretation, and storage of the information into the computer. Data capture solutions are available so as to reduce the burden of data entry and also to save money and time. Before designing the data capture solutions, the needs of the organization have...
In designing a website, frames refer to the usage of the compound and independently convenient segments of a web presence. Frames can be used to produce good web page designs, which form the most important unavoidable part of the page layouts. It divides the entire screen into different areas to...
Exxon Mobil uses Microsoft Windows, UNIX, and also LINUX-based platforms to run its software applications. The company spent nearly 700 million USD on development in 2006. “Exxon’s I.T. spend is about 0.16% of sales, compared to an average of 0.15% of sales for Chevron, Shell and BP.” Its main focus...
Software development personnel Developing software for large corporations like Exxon Mobil is a long and complicated matter. It usually requires a large team of personnel from various fields in the software industry. The type of personnel required in such a case is given below. Software analyst This person is considered...
The life cycle of a system is an organizational process entailed in developing and maintaining systems. It assists in establishing a system project plan. This is because it provides, on the whole, a list of processes and sub-processes requisite for developing a system. The development of a system development life...
Usability analysis is defined as an examination of the information system’s human-computer interaction (HCI). HCI study is the area of the juncture of social sciences streams like psychology and social sciences, on the one hand, and computer science and technology, on the other. HCI researchers have analyzed and designed detailed...
Encapsulation is a technique for minimizing interdependencies among separately written modules by defining strict external interfaces. The external interface of a module serves as a contract between the module and its clients and thus between the designer of the module and other designers. This definition by Snyder highlights module encapsulation....
Object-oriented modeling (OOM) is a practical and useful programming language that aids in modular design and programming reuse. It is based on the following characteristics: Designers define new types of objects. Operations are defined for objects. The operations thus designed are generic in form. Class definitions share common components using...
Data collection methods entail the collection of evidence based on facts or figures where a valid conclusion may be drawn from. Data can be either quantitative or qualitative. The qualitative data is the data obtained from observations, tales or attributes while the qualitative data signifies the data that can be...
Genetic programming may be used to evolve solutions to problems, and it is a way of finding an S-expression that best solves the problem. Genetic algorithms can be applied for solving number series problems since math functions are easily converted into a tree-form and vice versa. Genetic programming generates useful...
A cellular automaton is a discrete model of computation, and Game of Life, also known as Conway’s Life, is one of the examples of its implementation. In this extended model, a computer acts on input cells with data to produce an output, and more complex sets of rules are used...
A classic example of an unsupervised learning method is the one used in a self-organizing feature map or Kohonen map neural network. The network can learn to classify input data without being given any training information and classifications to be applied. For instance, it can cluster similar documents downloaded from...
The backpropagation is an algorithm designed to compute the gradient of the cost function, and instead of using the simple step function, the method is about applying the sigmoid one. The method is a backward propagation of errors since its purpose is calculating “weight updates that minimize the error function...
The nearest neighbor algorithm is one that employs instance-based learning – it stores the training data to use for the determination of classification for pieces of data as it encounters them. The algorithm computes the Euclidean distance between the instances to help it compare them with the training data to...
Unsupervised learning is the opposite of supervised one, and it means that the machine has only input data and no corresponding output options. It has to identify the classification criteria without any human help and provide output results. An example of an unsupervised learning method application is where data needs...
A linearly separable function is one drawn in a two-dimensional graph with the values being either classified into one classification or the other depending on the side of the straight line drawn between them. The problem is that the two types of values must be separable to allow the perceptron...
Supervised learning is about learning from pre-classified training data that consists of some training examples, and then inferring a function. The algorithm is called so because it resembles the learning processes supervised by a teacher. An example of the supervised machine learning algorithm is visual recognition, which is when a...
Expert system tools use the Rete algorithm for efficiently applying many patterns or rules to objects to decrease the number of comparisons as it allows checking facts only against relevant rules. The algorithm is a search tree each path from the root node to a leaf representing “the left-hand side...
Forward chaining uses the deduction method as it starts from a set of known facts and moves forward to extract more data and deduce a conclusion. Backward chaining starts “from a conclusion, which is the hypothesis to be proved,” and its aim is “to show how that conclusion can be...
a. The first player has a forced win. b. The first player has a forced draw. c. The second player has a forced win.
Alpha-beta pruning is an altered version of the minimax algorithm, and it allows the removal of parts of the game tree that are useless to examine. With pruning, searching for a good move becomes more efficient. The main idea of alpha-beta pruning is that if one step is worse than...
Minimax algorithm is a basic adversarial decision-making algorithm. It is usually used in two-player games based on turns, and it aims to find the optimal next move. The assumption is the opponent’s playing rationally and trying to win the computer. A basic example is a chess play when a computer...
Frame-based representation helps to express the idea of inheritance since frames (or nodes) are connected by relations. They can be either instance frames or class frames. They are “an object-oriented representation that can be used to build expert systems.” A frame has slots and slot values, with frame name being,...
Depth-First Search is an algorithm that explores each path as far as possible before trying another one. On the contrary, Breadth-First Search explores a tree by breadth – all the actions from a node, and then goes on to check other nodes. Both algorithms simply examine every node until the...
There have long been heated debates on whether machines can think, and there is still no definite answer to that question. I believe that at the current level of development, computers cannot think, and I am not sure if they will ever have the ability to do so. However, mimicking...
In the middle of the twentieth century, Alan Turing developed a test to determine if a machine had human intelligence, and it became widely known and accepted by scientists as an artificial intelligence test standard. The test shows the ability of a computer to perform intelligent behavior that cannot be...
The word “intelligence” has lots of definitions, but in general, it is a mental ability for understanding, learning, reasoning, emotional knowledge, and problem-solving, which includes such functions as language, memory, attention, and perception. Artificial intelligence, on the other hand, is the simulation of human intelligence demonstrated by machines, and it...
After dealing with a crisis, the authorities need to count their losses and review the IT system management strategy to avoid future problems. First, the managers need to become aware of all the damage that was dealt with by the internal and external stakeholders. The information about the causes of...
The formula for dealing with a crisis is simple: managers have to locate the problem and eliminate it while ensuring that the organization can operate properly. The first priority is to create a command center and establish briefing sessions to fight the crisis. After that, managers should elaborate and implement...
The IT outages can cause a series of non-technical problems that may lead to severe consequences. IT failures are usually connected with customer safety issues and exposure of protected information. This is especially evident in healthcare, where the inoperability of the network system may obstruct the natural exchange of information...
There are various strategies to prevent IT outages and crises, both technological and procedural. The technical methods of evading the possible problems include incorporating component redundancy, alternative access methods, and extensive testing of old software to be able to support new demands. In case of a system overload, component redundancy...
The rapid development of blockchain technology will become a catalyst for the growth of innovation in all spheres of human life, thus creating the basis for the emergence of a self-determined identity. For example, Web 3 is expected to completely change the work of social networks. Using blockchain, it will...
The integration of Instagram with Web 3 is likely to benefit this product by providing the opportunity to strengthen privacy and regulate advertising. The key problem is that Instagram users see what companies want them to observe since the way of advertising seems to be flawed. Today, a rapidly developing...
When the states begin to accumulate bitcoins in their foreign currency reserves, significant changes will occur. Bitcoin’s market capitalization is still too small to be considered an asset suitable for these purposes. The emergence of the first state to officially add bitcoin to its reserves is likely to encourage other...
Active digitalization not only transformed payment systems into a new dimension but also made it possible to digitize the various assets and rights that are associated with them, which is called tokenization. One can tokenize stocks, fiat currencies, real estate, et cetera, and this phenomenon is a bridge between cryptocurrency...
The concept of Web 3 denotes a new era in the development of payment systems and services, which involves the decentralization and autonomy of the Internet. Its cryptocurrency is Bitcoin that popularized blockchain technology, becoming the digital cash for such a network. Web 1 was used for static web pages,...
The given article highlights the key trends associated with crypto, beginning with the idea maze concept and ending with the future directions of its development and implementation. The need for mediation elimination was the key reason for creating Bitcoin, an online payment network characterized by transactions without identity. While Bitcoin...
If any company lost my personal information, I would face some unpleasant aspects of such an incident. In particular, I would have to change all of my individual access codes, although I do not store any compromising information. Given that companies have access to only working information, I would not...
One of the strongest points of the article by Solove is quoting. For instance, the author cites Henry James and mentions the significance of the protection of personal data. Links to various publications and online resources are also valuable. Another strong point is the systematization of the presented problems. Solove...
In the case proposed by Applegate, the retailer working with luxury goods performed well when responding to the attack. The analysis of firewall security was the step that contributed to the subsequent enhanced protection and response. However, initially, the company’s management should have paid more attention to information security issues....
Nowadays, the vast majority of people utilize various information technologies to access the Internet on a daily basis. Whereas the Internet can be used for a great variety of practical purposes, including work and education, many individuals spend an excessive amount of time online. Many also have a lack of...
In antiquity, information was passed from one person and one community to another mostly orally. However, the situation had changed with the invention of alphabets and writing systems, which marked the development of information storage and retrieval. Libraries became the first places to store information and comprised a large number...
A computer-driven society is one in which computers have transformed the lifestyle for the majority of people. Technology has increased the communication and information options for most people. Many people choose to work at home in front of a computer screen. Today, computers play a huge role in molding the...
Advantages:Ability to deal with large amounts of qualitative data,Improved validity and auditability. Disadvantages:Rigid and deterministic processes,Increased pressure to focus on breadth and volume.
Since the effectiveness of project management is usually judged based on project success, there is a number of essential principles that must be followed. First of all, it is crucial to create a comprehensive project plan that would reflect every aspect of the proposed project. These aspects should include cost,...
Project management is usually defined as the application of tools, skills, knowledge, and techniques to facilitate the effectiveness of project activities required to meet project goals. Project management is used to prevent delays in projects and ensure that all goals with regard to quality, costs, and functions of the end...
While solar power is utilized much in home heating, electricity, solar cooking panels, etc., replacing the transportation fuel is still underexplored. While huge, relatively slow vehicles like ships could utilize solar power with large onboard solar panels, small faster vehicles such as cars cannot use such onboard solar panels. The...
Sun is the primary source of clean and abundant energy. It is estimated that 120,000 TW of radiation is deposited by the sun on the surface of the Earth. This will be more than enough for all energy requirements by human beings. The sun is the only natural power source...
Geothermal energy is the energy that is stored as heat under the solid surface of earth. Though the energy released from a volcanic cannot be controlled and collected, scientists have formulated methods to tap this energy. This heat can be collected from rare places from the earth’s crust in the...
Technological advancement starting from the industrial revolution has increased the demand for energy. If we look at the history of man’s usage of energy, sun was the first energy source which provided light and heat to early humans. The discovery of fire resulted in the possibility of burning wood for...
An example of one recent innovation is the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine for the detection of illnesses and the analysis of data. This innovation uses the existing body of knowledge developed by scientists and researches regarding a variety of illnesses and conditions, including rare cases that can...
Technology strategies are tailored to the use of information technology and other resources to fulfill the objectives of an organization (Tune, 2017). The businesses operating in the high technology industry rely on technology as the basis of their business model. Since technological developments can happen relatively quickly, for instance, one...
Satell (2017) defines four types of innovation – breakthroughs, sustaining, basic research, and disruptive. Disruptive and it implies a completely new product, approach to operations, or service that changes the existing models within an industry. An example is Apple, which introduced a breakthrough innovation with its smartphone since mobile phone...
Technological innovation is a vital aspect of operations and development for any business because it provides new opportunities and allows them to create better, more efficient products or services as well as adjust operations for better efficiency. In general, this concept refers to a multidimensional strategy of generating an idea...
Product development companies, such as Wipro, should start by recognizing the dangers of being driven by project demands as specified by their clients. While clients may approach such companies with specific instructions, future developers could be required to offer proposals to such clients on how to improve their products. Therefore,...
Every project undertaken is an opportunity to learn and improve on some specified areas. Close monitoring should be executed throughout all projects, and after completion, evaluation should be done to identify areas of improvement. This approach mimics the product development process. Normally, products undergo a development cycle whereby they are...
A new product may be made up of different parts, which have to be developed independently. Therefore, some companies opt to have such parts developed at multiple sites before being merged into one final product to be delivered to the market. However, this approach has several disadvantages as discussed in...
In the case of SCB, software implementation was not the key challenge. Change management is understood as the process of “renewing an organization’s direction, structure, and capabilities to serve the ever-changing needs of customers,” and together, all initiatives from the case meet this definition (Hornstein, 2015, p. 294). Basically, the...
Firstly, many of these factors are directly linked to the implementation of the PLM system. It provided the team with new opportunities, including the reduced time needed to run one model and analyze its weaknesses. Due to new software, the team did not need to spend more than a few...
Santa Cruz Bicycles (SCB) managed to put innovative approaches to process management into work in a successful manner due to new prototyping tools. The case does not present sufficient details concerning the implementation of the new system. However, based on what is known, the team’s ability to increase the speed...
The implementation of the PLM system and new simulation technologies can be understood as a radical transformation defines as the actions involving fundamental changes in the way of conducting business (Inigo, Albareda, & Ritala, 2017). It is because the listed innovations are not linked to local changes, such as improvements...
Disregard of the professional field, reward programs encourage more people to become active users of a website and be more careful when it comes to the quality of the content that they produce (Hwang, Baloglu, & Tanford, 2019). In her interview, Alice Chou explains the decision with reference to an...
Websites and social media accounts are gradually becoming the key source of information about products and services. Therefore, monitoring a website’s traffic is among the ways to better understand a company’s target customers, their needs, intentions, and factors that change their opinions concerning products (Ghaleb, 2015). Alice Chou is likely...
Just like other organizations, IBM manages to analyze changes in working practices that stem from the development of new technology and uses them to improve its social image and increase profits. The implementation of My Developer Works helped the business to take full advantage of two tendencies: the growing popularity...
Due to this article, I managed to realize that the representatives of different generations may treat project management in different ways. Generation Y employees tend to be rather proactive and are often ready to take the initiative, but they require an appropriate environment for high productivity. These professionals value communication...
Yildirim and Korkmaz mentioned that it was significant to focus on the “relationships between the demographics like gender, profession, education, income level or position of Generation Y professionals and their attitudes/perceptions in project management” because they seemed to be rather influencing but were not considered initially. Moreover, it might be...
The researchers did not mention any limitations of their study in the article. However, they do not discuss the answers of different groups of employees separately, which may affect findings. It can be advantageous to analyze the information provided by employees, managers, and leaders to identify differences or at least...
The authors concluded that many representatives of Generation Y were employed in the sphere of business. Due to their motivation and high productivity, they managed to benefit organizations. These professionals were ready to take the initiative and make risky decisions if nothing prevented them from balancing work and personal life....
Due to the conducted research study, Yildirim and Korkmaz managed to find out that project managers and leaders were expected to have good communicational skills. Their honesty, leadership, and sensitivity were also significant. Preferred project types were total contract value that was rather profitable and included social responsibility. The highest...
The article developed by Yildirim and Korkmaz consisted of both qualitative and quantitative data. However, qualitative information was mainly present at the beginning of the paper for the provision of general knowledge that was needed to understand the rest of the work. Additionally, it allowed developing a set of motivators...
Unfortunately, Yildirim and Korkmaz did not identify a set of research questions they were willing to answer with the help of their work. However, it is possible to presuppose what they were based on the information obtained from the selected article. In this way, the researchers wanted to provide background...
Considering the research problem selected for the study, professionals decided that it would be better to develop dual research goals. First of all, they were willing to know what expectations the members of the project management teams have from both project management and project environment. In addition to that, the...
In their article, Yildirim and Korkmaz focused on the contemporary issue that dealt with the difference in employee attitudes and expectations towards the sphere of IT. In particular, the researchers focused on how the representatives of Generation Y treated the software industry and its development projects. They realized that this...
The article provides helpful insights into the ways research related to measurement validation can and should be implemented. I have read various articles concerning the effectiveness of various tools and measurements, but I had limited knowledge of the ways these instruments are validated. I also identified some gaps and limitations...
The major implication of this research is the availability of a sound measurement tool to evaluate important factors affecting the successfulness of agile projects. Truong and Jitbaipoon also stress that the model is consistent with the existing research on the matter. Practitioners can benefit from the use of this model,...
Truong and Jitbaipoon identified a number of limitations of their study. The researchers stress that the small sample size is one of the primary limitations as it can result in error covariance of the model. In addition, the removal of some questions related to Agile Team Capability is also seen...
The researchers noted that hypotheses one, two, and four were supported while hypothesis 3 was not supported. Truong and Jitbaipoon concluded that the link between IT development agility and agile culture was not apparent. Nevertheless, the results of this study showed quite a close relationship between the two variables, so...
It was noted that the initial model was characterized by the poor quality of structural properties. The model was re-specified and reevaluated to modify the instrument used. These measures were undertaken until an effective model was developed.
To test the hypotheses, a quantitative research design was utilized. Truong and Jitbaipoon employed a pilot survey study to validate the research tools that could be used for further research. The sample size was rather small (32 people) but sufficient for a pilot study. Software developers from different regions across...
Truong and Jitbaipoon developed a structural model to address the research problem. This model involved four major variables: IT Project Success, Agile Team Capability, Agile Culture, and IT Development Agility. The researchers tested four hypotheses that were formulated as follows: Hypothesis 1: “Agile team capability positively influences IT project success.”...
The purpose of this study was to “develop and validate agile driven factors and their measurements, and examine how these factors and their interrelationships influence agile IT project success.”
Agile methodologies have been used extensively when implementing IT projects. Researchers pay considerable attention to these strategies, but the major focus is on implementing these practices and the factors affecting their success. However, insufficient evidence is available for the interrelationships of these factors and the validation tools to measure them....
While hacking is invariably harmful from an organizational standpoint, its evaluation from an ethical perspective depends on a specific situation. Theoretically, hacking may be ethical if it benefits a greater number of people in a more profound way than it harms. For example, if a hacker reveals that a candidate...
Computer and network safety is now crucial for most organizations. It happens because of the advances in information and communication technologies that allow using information obtained from the organization swiftly and efficiently, which may harm the organization’s interest. Hacking is one of the ways to get such information, and while...
During the last several years, big data analytics has been identified as a significant business concept in the field of the global economy. Big data means a variety of information that could influence the development of organizations and the people in them. It may shed light on different market trends,...
5G technology is the newest development in smartphone internet connectivity. It promises much greater speeds and coverage when compared to 4G technology, with gains estimated between ten to a hundred times in comparison. 5G is claimed to be much quicker than Wi-Fi and even the fiber-optic cable, which is holding...
The primary input devices for smartphones include touch-screen interfaces, microphones, Bluetooth modules, cameras, and fingerprint scanners. All of these devices are located inside of the smartphone and are used to provide input into the phone in order to receive specific output from the device. Touch-screen interface provides the majority of...
Firewalls are used to protect computers from being hacked. A firewall is a system or group of systems that enforces an access control plan between two or more networks (Robertson et al, 2004). In general, a firewall restricts access between trusted and untrusted networks. Most often, firewalls protect a trusted...
Bots are another kind of threat to network security like viruses, worms, Trojan horses. It is a type of malware which allows an attacker to gain complete control over the affected computer. It is actually a program that can operate as an agent for a user or another program. A...
The similarities between the search results between a conventional Google search engine and scholar one primarily concern the trustworthiness of the results. Scholar engine generates results that have been published in books, scientific journals, and other research platforms. Usual Google search shows websites that are well advertised and not necessarily...
An online learning environment entails the conveyance of information electronically. It is essentially a computer-based and network-supported technology that enables the transfer of knowledge and skills, which include web-based, computer-based, digital collaboration, and virtual classroom actions. I have adopted a learning environment that uses a computer that is network-supported, simply...
a. I would ensure that considerable action is taken against those indicted for cyberbullying offenses and bar them from holding future accounts and accessing services from the company. I would ensure that personal information is given before an individual is allowed to access the company’s social services. This information should...
Information conversed through MySpace can inflict emotional distress to the users who are victimized by the bullies. Some MySpace users create fake accounts to intimate and bully others; this is inappropriate and is mentally disturbing. MySpace has been used to spread unsocial behaviors rather than the social purpose it was...
MySpace is faced with a cyberbullying issue. Cyberbullying is whereby bullies use the internet to bully or threaten their peers; individuals use social networking sites, such as MySpace, to intimate their victims. The case of Lori Drew. MySpace users are violating its rules that forbid the creation of fake accounts...
I think the Tucson data mining project inappropriately violates the privacy of internet users. The new technology cannot combat terrorism effectively due to the everyday evolution of technology, and many people communicate through pseudonyms or anonymous names, and it can be difficult to find the exact accurate information of an...
a. It is ethically wrong to intrude into people’s private life and morally wrong to tap people’s personal messages. b. The new anti-terrorism technology intrudes into an individual’s private life on the internet and in other places. Innocent people may have their private conversations exposed. Mistakes in interpreting the results...