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The Supreme Court ruled that videotaping a movie from television to watch later was not an infringement of copyright because of the following reasons. According to the fair use doctrine, as long as the material used was not meant for profit, then there is no infringement of copyright law. Sony...
Sony Corporation of America developed a video recording unit that made film industry members uncomfortable. Companies such as Universal Studios in the film industry decided to sue Sony and its distributors in the district court. These companies felt that Sony was contravening copyright laws. According to Universal Studios, Sony was...
Substance use is not a common phenomenon in Japan. This could be due to the tough laws regarding substance use in the country. For instance, a person may get a prison sentence of 10 years for using stimulants, and a life imprisonment for selling drugs. On the other hand, Egypt...
There are several benefits of identifying and researching addiction as purely a biological disease. First, addiction has a medical component. For instance, substances influence the landscape of receptors in the brain, in addition to, playing the role of neurotransmitters. Hence, the addict behaves as if he or she requires the...
The increase in the diagnosis of treatable addictive diseases has made medical practitioners lose the income and revenue they earned from organized medicine. Previously, these practitioners held a critical and profitable role in dealing with addictions, which the psychiatrists and addiction counselors, later, assumed. A while ago, physicians and psychiatrists...
Marijuana should not be criminalized due to the following reasons. First, the health risks such as impaired attention, lung cancer, and schizophrenia that are associated with the use of marijuana can also be caused by the legalized drugs such as alcohol and tobacco. Thus why should marijuana be criminalized due...
Marijuana should be legalized. The drug control policies have failed to prevent the use of marijuana in the country. This is based on the fact that a high percentage of the citizens are still able to access and use it despite its criminalization. Thus it will be better to focus...
The first element of arrest warrants that satisfy the Fourth Amendment warrant clause requires that the warrant must be supported by probable cause, not reasonable suspicion. This means that several legal standards must be satisfied. Second, specific details must be provided concerning the person, the place, and the materials to...
Despite the fact that reasonable suspicion and probable cause are common terms in legal circles, they are commonly misused and confused. The two terms have significant impacts on the rights of persons, the outcome of a situation, and are both concerned with the law enforcement officer’s overall impression of the...
The first characteristic of full custodial arrest is that it must demonstrate the highest degree of need to promote the legitimate interests of the government. Secondly, the full custodial arrest must demonstrate the fact that the suspect can interfere with the investigations or evade apprehension. The third characteristic of full...
This question is best answered by an examination of Illinois v. Wardlow. In the presence of a place marked for narcotics trafficking, Wardlow decided to flee upon spotting four police cars. He was apprehended and presented before a Supreme Court. However, the Court stated that headlong flight does not serve...
The first element in the determination of whether property is abandoned for Fourth Amendment purposes is the surrender of privacy such as abandonment of vehicles in an attempt to avoid apprehension or denial of car ownership by a person present. The second element is a person’s nature of tenancy that...
Defined by Bloom (2003, p. 14) and Ducat and Harold (1992, p. 28) as “exception to the warrant requirement will not apply if the officer has made an improper search (invalid warrant, no probable cause, etc.) or arrest,” plain view doctrine has generated intense criticisms in legal circles for long...
1. The two elements of the qualified immunity defense include constitutional violation and establishment of the right at issue during the time of the conduct of a state officer. The test is so easy for officers to pass because of the nature of the job that plays a significant factor...
The difference between subjective and objective tests of entrapment revolves around the fact that subjective test of entrapment focuses on the defendant’s state of mind, whereas objective test of entrapment focuses on the conduct of police officers during the entire period of inducement to commit the crime. The two elements...
1. The three justifications for exclusionary rule include the fact that it is a fundamental right that should not be violated, there are no exigencies, and to deter misconduct of police officers. The justification that the United States Supreme Court uses today is the exclusionary rule as a personal right...
Photo identifications are the most unreliable eyewitness identification procedure and are the main reason behind increases in cases of mistaken identities. The main reason behind this revolves around poor encoding of information at the time of perception. This is influenced by a myriad of factors such as distance between the...
The mental processes in the identification of strangers are complex processes that demand more than basic memory of facts. However, three main mental processes account for mistakes in identifying strangers. These include acquisition, storage, and retrieval. Acquisition refers to the process of perceiving and collecting information. Several factors such as...
A definition of the two terms provides a good starting point in examining the similarities and differences between the two terms. “The trespass doctrine provides power to search officers to physically invade constitutionally protected areas, which include persons, houses, papers and effects.” The trespass doctrine was replaced by privacy doctrine,...
The history of due process from the adoption of the U.S. Constitution to the present illustrates historical strides in efforts to present the nation with a constitution that can serve the interests of its diverse population. The birth of the United States’ constitution draws us back to the era of...
Based on the analysis carried out on the limitations of forensic science in the justice system, it is discerned that the Justice for All Act of 2004 is a worthwhile activity that seeks to exonerate the innocent. The process of determining the validity and reliability of evidence presented in criminal...
The increase in the number of television crime shows that focus on scientific evidence in criminal justice systems has generated intense debate on the need to examine the problems and shortfalls of scientific evidence. After reading all the aspects of the innocence project, several issues seem to come out. However,...
Such issues as immigration have long-been debated by economists and policy-makers. In popular opinion, this phenomenon is often associated with job insecurity and increased expenses on social security. However, one should take into account that legal immigrants can pay the same taxes and insurance fees and they do not always...
Globalization can empower and mobilize people of a culture, providing them with a method of representing themselves and supporting a collective identity of the people that belong to the culture. However, globalization can disempower people through misrepresentation, providing a means of being colonized further; and boosting the loss of independence,...
Corruption occurs as a result of poverty in the whole world. Corruption occurs at all ranks of the society from the businesses, the government, the judiciary, and the civil society. The poorest are the most affected by corruption may they be in rich or poor economies. All elements of the...
Terry is facing the problem of a troubling conscience and facing his fear. He witnessed a murder in which Joey was killed by being thrown off a roof. The murderers got away with their actions because nobody in the Waterfront was willing to talk. The workers had a code of...
Society values people when they are famous or have value. Once the fame is gone, the society becomes indifferent and forgets their former stars. The forgotten stars are often unable to come to terms with their new reality as they were used to fame and all the things that accompany...
A person’s background can influence how they think. The background reflects on a person’s personality and thinking. The twelve angry men in the jury think differently depending on their background. Some are sympathetic towards the defendant while others do not care. For instance Juror No. 7 a businessman comes out...
Angelo Maggio is a fun character who becomes friends with Prewitt. Maggio is also a luckless character who loves liquor and most of the time he is drunk. He seems not to take his role as a private in the military as seriously as he ought to, maybe he joined...
Alcohol and drug screening AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), is a screening tool that is heavily effective in the identification of heavy consumption of alcohol among women who are not pregnant. It consists of around 10 questions that are related to the harmful consumption of alcohol. On the other...
The term case management has been constantly used over the past decades in the world of literature, referring to everything that revolves around the legislative system to the medical management of a patient’s care. The use of case management to counter the use of drugs has been a constantly debated...
The 12 steps of group recovery are important for two major reasons. First, they have a high rate of effectiveness in treating drug addicts and changing their lives. Secondly, they are free and available at any time and place because all communities have the 12 step groups. Patients move very...
Relapse is a major problem facing counselors in addiction treatment since most addicts under treatment often crave for the drug, and if there is no effective follow-up, they are likely to resume the use of the drug. In most cases, the counselors are likely to feel frustrated, discouraged and pessimistic...
Methadox and suboxone present as some of the most commonly used opioids in treating drug addicts by minimizing the degree of withdrawal syndrome in the addicts. Also, they provide a good way to help the addicts minimize craving for the drug. However, the medications are addictive and difficult to stop...
Motivational interviewing presents a good way to approach the work of counseling drug addicts through assisting them make decisions to change from their lifestyles, but under a stepwise process that allows them to adapt to a new life. To avoid pushing hard on the addict, it is worth noting that...