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The first major extinction that has to be reviewed occurred during the Hirnantian Age (approximately 445 million years ago). The Ordovician-Silurian extinction can be considered a global event because it eliminated up to 85% of all species living during the Ordovician period. The extinction became known for affecting a large...
A symbiotic mutualism relationship occurs when there are two organisms living in proximity while also deriving benefits from their close relationship. It is important to mention that symbiotic relationships are obligate, hence forcing one of the members of the symbiosis to be involved in the relationship in order to survive....
A keystone species can be defined as an animal or a plant that plays a fundamental role in impacting the ecosystem and its functions. McMillan et al. note that the ecosystem can be seen as dependent on keystone species to an extent where the absence of keystone species could either...
A biome can be defined as a major local complex that includes numerous similar communities. Therefore, it can be considered an ecological unit of a large scale that can be highlighted and identified on the basis of its vegetation structure and dominant plant type. The core predictors of the biome...
The article deals with the connection between Sumatran rhinos and several plants dependent on their survival. The major part of the ration of Sumatran rhinos consists of fruits that have indigestible seeds. The rhinos disperse them by defecation quite far from the plant that produced them. As a result, the...
An interesting phenomenon in cell membrane physiology is the presence of a sodium-potassium pump. The essence of this pump is the stimulation of the migration of positively charged sodium and potassium ions through transmembrane proteins. As a result of this activity, strictly three sodium cations move into the extracellular medium,...
Like any other living cell, erythrocytes are sensitive to any change in the environment. When the medium turns out to be hypertonic, it means that the concentration of a dissolved substance, usually some salt or organic compound, is higher in it than inside the cell. According to the law of...
Molecules and particles can enter and leave the cell in different ways. It is customary to divide the variety of these options into two groups, namely active and passive transport. The main difference between them consists of the direction of substance transport. In the case of passive transport, molecules move...
A cell can take up solid and dissolved particles for food in various ways, and endocytosis is one of them. As a result of endocytosis, a living cell forms internal membrane tensions, forming a vesicle with a food particle. When the membrane tension reaches a critical value, the vesicle detaches...
When studying the morphological structure of plant cells, many plasmodesmata are found in the intercellular space. Plasmodesmata are microscopic cytoplasmic tubules that connect two plant cells and stimulate metabolism. It is not usually a virtual cylindrical channel but rather a collection of pores in the cell walls by which such...
Several types of protein molecules with individual functions are found in the membrane structure of living cells. The first of these types are transmembrane proteins, which are molecules with a cylindrical plane; this allows substances to move directly across the membrane according to concentration gradients. In addition, there are surface...
A living cell can consume food particles through endocytosis, which is realized as membrane implantation. If liquid, dissolved compounds were used as such food particles, this process is called pinocytosis. Thus, in pinocytosis, colloidal solutions are absorbed by the cell, formed in a vacuole or vesicle, and then processed as...
Visual perception is the ability to perceive and interpret visual information surrounding us. The fundamental principles of visual processing comprise similarity, proximity, enclosure, and figure and ground. Similarity allows for the lumping together of objects with shared visual properties, which makes significant correlations between different numbers and sets. Proximity is...
Buffer is a substance that increases the quantity of alkali or acid essential to yielding a unit change in PH when present in a solution. Buffering is a process that helps maintain internal body temperature in organisms. Buffers’ ability to maintain the PH results from a weak acid and weak...
Working or short-term memory, which enables people to maintain their visual and auditory information, affects every reading stage. Working memory establishes an awareness of short-time periods necessary for task completion. However, when it comes to dyslexics, the deficit associated with working or short-term memory makes it difficult to synthesize information...
Processing speed is a term used to refer to the pace at which an individual can perceive auditory or visual information, make sense of it, and effectively respond. In other words, processing speed refers to the time taken to have something accomplished. Speed of processing interacts with other cognitive functioning...
The human brain has various structures which play a diverse range of roles in shaping people’s behavior. Some of the brain structures include the hippocampus, frontal lobe, and medulla. Hippocampus The primary role of this brain structure is to facilitate memory forming, information organization, and storage. This structure applies to...
Analyze ecosystems in Western Australia. Define the term “Ecosystem”. The environment is often described in terms of “Biotic and Abiotic factors”. Explain with the aid of descriptive examples what we mean by these terms. What is the connection between healthy ecosystems, economy and health? How human activities influence by disruptions...
What did you learn in using a light microscope to view living specimens? Discuss what types of organisms, cells, and tissues can be viewed with a light microscope. Describe the size range of organisms that can be viewed with the naked eye and a light microscope. Analyze the differences between...
Provide a microbial journal article review. Give the background of the topic and discuss all the techniques they performed and the result they obtained as well. Why did the scientists perform the study (i.e., description of background)? What was the hypothesis (or hypotheses) under investigation? What were the major results,...
Discuss how you can use the information on how the brain is affected by drugs in working with clients. To answer this question, describe the actions of neurons in the brain. Discuss the impact of drugs like cocaine and amphetamine on the brain. Why are drugs more addictive than natural...
Discuss the issue of biological patents. Represent and express philosophical reasoning about advances in biology and medicine by writing clear and concise analytical and argumentative prose. Describe and evaluate ethical and social values in their historical and cultural contexts. Determine social value related to biological patents. Please, mention companies in...
Create a table to compare and contrast the characteristics of the four major groups of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses) and helminths. Be sure to include specific examples of each group. Diagram (draw) the Gram-positive cell wall. Be sure to label specific components of the structure. What is the...
Describe the function of enzymes in catalyzing biological processes. Describe the function of enzymes in catalyzing biological processes. Quantify the rate of an enzyme reaction using a model enzyme, alkaline phosphatase. Identify the limiting factors in an enzymatic reaction, e.g., the presence and quantity of substrate and the presence and...
Discuss how the keystone species within an ecosystem support other organisms. Find an article or a web resource that discusses and illustrates an ecological web that includes a keystone species. Create your own version of the ecological diagram, showing the interrelationships between species. An ecological web should include at least...
Define the place where the simple carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and starch molecules can be found and their roles in the human body. Cells are built using three types of molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. These molecules are found in different quantities in the foods you eat. Some foods contain a...
Explain evolutionary theory as it relates to biological evolution. Demonstrate that you understand the scientific basis for evolutionary theory and how evolution is thought to occur over time. Provide an explanation of the intelligent design. What is this theory based on, and what is the evidence used to support it?...
What are the differences between Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive bacteria? Find at least 20 differences between Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive bacteria, list them in a table form, and number the differences from 1-20. It is very important to find the differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Based on these differences, we can...
Explain both the process of evolution by natural selection and the evidence for evolution. Analyze physical, biological, and ecological systems and interrelationships. Evaluate the theory of evolution using the scientific method. Evaluate scientific theories using scientific principles. Evaluate the theory of evolution using the scientific method. Evaluate scientific theories using...
Analyze cellular reproduction and genetic mutations. Cellular reproduction and genetic mutations are closely related. As cells reproduce, they usually produce exact copies of themselves. Sometimes, however, cellular mutations occur. Genetic mutations are alterations to the sequences of DNA that comprise genes. Identify two genetic mutations or genetic disorders. What do...
Discuss the structure and function of vessels. Why do arteries have thick walls? How many layers do capillaries have? Where do most of the passive transport take place? What do these numbers 130/88 measure, and what do they mean? Is this within the normal range? The nurses regularly talk about...
Enhancements stand in stark contrast with the promise of gene editing technologies that might be used for the treatment of illnesses or disorders. Discuss at least one pro (benefit) and one cost (harm) associated with enhancing people. When do you believe it is appropriate for people to use enhancements, and...
Imagine you are a clone. Would you rather be a clone of one of your parents, or would you rather be the clone of someone your parents selected for reasons of their own? To answer the question properly, provide your reasoning to show if it is sound and to see...
Identify a type of ecotourism in a particular biome and discuss how this can help ensure the sustainability of that natural resource. Research a type of ecotourism and discuss the activities described. Which habitat (biome) will you be traveling through, and which animals will you find in your selected location?...
Create a brief description of the nature of the current ecological crisis Identify three key causes of and factors contributing to the ecological crisis (one from each of the different categories). Describe at least one possible way that the ecological crisis could be addressed based on the analysis of causes...
Adaptation is the number of inherited characteristics that increases the chances of the organism to survive. There are three types of adaptation, namely physiological (maintain homeostasis like plants release nectar to attract bees and spread pollen), behavioral (change in response to the habitant like bear hibernate to save energy), and...
At the beginning of the 20th century, scientists offered the endosymbiotic theory, according to which all organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) resulted in an early endosymbiosis between cells. To support the same approach, the concept of microspheres was introduced, proving the creation of the first protocell out of proteinoids and water....
Yes, genetic drift is random because of the existing fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to another. Genetic drift can be changed due to natural and human-made events. A bottleneck is a random event that reduces the population size, like the extinction of one species because of hunting and...
Geographic isolation is the physical separation of several populations by physical barriers (e.g., earthquakes or floods separate feral cats). Reproductive isolation is the separation of populations to prevent interbreeding (hybrid sterility for some representatives of feral cats in a valley).
The life cycles of higher plants are the alternation of two generations of organisms: the haploid multicellular gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte. Gametophytes develop the genitals of gametangia, in which gametes are formed by mitosis. While merging, the latter gives rise to the diploid generation of organisms. At the sporophyte...
Acellular may be defined as a set of organisms that do not have a cellular structure. Protein compounds with a certain configuration, capable of transforming into pathogens and causing neurodegenerative processes in the body, were called prions. Prions constitute a separate class of infectious agents; they have a protein base...
Various types of food may be labeled as organic, and though the main meaning behind it is evident, it may be necessary to understand the difference. For example, if meat is labeled as organic, it means that the living conditions in which animals are raised accommodate their natural behaviors, and...
As stated by the USDA, organic farmers utilize specific practices that allow for reducing the negative impact on nature. Overall, the benefits for the environment include improving fertility, reducing erosion, maintaining soil structure, and decreasing the risk of animal and human exposure to toxic materials. Additionally, organic food production does...
The four organic labeling categories are distinguished based on the quality of all the ingredients. First, “in the “100 Percent Organic” category, products must be made up of 100 percent certified organic ingredients.” The label “Organic” means that no more than five percent of all ingredients contain non-organic content mentioned...
Homo sapiens is a significant part of the biological classification to which modern human beings belong. In Latin, this concept means wise, clever, or knowledgeable man. It was first introduced in the middle of the 18th century to prove that humans physically resemble primates. The oldest remains of Homo sapiens...
In the movie “The Corporation” (2003), they said that the reason penguins are dying is because of global warming. Analyze the thesis. Not only are the birds dying of starvation, but because of the lack of special nutrients, the egg shells are becoming thin and brittle. The fetuses are dying...
Familiarize yourself with the many species of plants and animals that are common in Virginia. Learn about the names, anatomy, life cycle, and natural history of common mammals, reptiles, insects, birds, and plants native to Virginia, with emphasis on those organisms commonly found in Northern Virginia. For each organism, provide...
Sand = Cytoplasm. The main functions are to bind all cell parts into a single whole and perform a supporting role for all processes. Stones = Endoplasmic reticulum. It is a network of channels penetrating the Cytoplasm. The walls of these channels are membranes in contact with all constituents of...
Find two news articles, one of which is on the basic biology and the other on applied biology. Discuss them. To answer this question, include the next items. Present a summary. The main new or exciting finding of the article. Why is this newsworthy? For the applied biology article only,...
Make the rhetorical analysis of the Organic Fable by Cohen. What is the summary of the article? What is the evidence from relevant sources to appeal to ethos and support his argument about organic foods? Discuss Cohen’s position is the comparison between organic products and regular ones. Analyze the use...
Discuss the topic of enzyme activity. Describe the function of enzymes in catalyzing biological processes. Quantify the rate of an enzyme reaction using a model enzyme, alkaline phosphatase. Identify the limiting factors in an enzymatic reaction, e.g., the presence and quantity of substrate and the presence and quantity of enzyme.
Explore the fundamental process of photosynthesis in plants. Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to convert carbon dioxide into sugars. In this process, plants use sunlight to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water. Plants also give off oxygen as a byproduct of this reaction, which humans and other...
Discuss the history and discovery of CRISPR-Cas9, including an understanding of its role as a bacterial defense mechanism. Understand the mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Make a brief summary of different Cas9 variants and how they function differently from Cas9. How has CRISPR/Cas9 impacted real-life world applications? Discuss the ethical...
Identify ways in which ecologists study the environment. Discuss the different spheres of Earth and how they interact with one another. Differentiate between a community and a population. Distinguish between ecosystem and biome. Compare habitat and niche. Discuss the predator-prey relationship and how this relationship is beneficial in an environment....
To understand the concept of a biome as a way to look at ecology and biodiversity, select any biome that interests you and perform a focused analysis. Describe the climate and abiotic components (wind, sun, high humidity, etc.) associated with your selected biome as well as the biome’s general location...
Examine an endangered species of your choice. Choose an endangered species and research the taxonomy, history, geographic distribution, and causes or remedies for the current endangered status. Select one of these species: Asiatic Cheetah; Florida Cougar; Right Whale; Aye-Aye; California condor; Mountain Gorilla; Western Giant Eland; Chinese Paddlefish; White-Winged Duck;...
How does participant observation differ from naturalistic observation? What would you want to study, and why would this be good to study with a participant observation instead of a naturalistic observation? Summarize how you could conduct a participant observation to assess this. Would you use disguised or undisguised participant observation?...
Find a story about animal behavior, not other areas of biology like neuroscience, based on a study published in a peer-reviewed journal. Locate and read the study the story is based on. What overarching topic in animal behavior or cognition was the study addressed? What was the main finding? Describe...
Discuss the care and management of geriatric animals, especially – dolphins. Does age factor into the speed and agility of dolphins? Does species factor into the speed and agility of dolphins? Does size factor into the metabolic rates of dolphins? Does dolphin size factor into a dolphin’s ability to expend...
Discuss in detail the anatomy of the lymphatic and immune systems. What is interstitial fluid, and how does it differ from blood? Where are the cells in this system produced? What types of cells are formed in bone?
Where red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes) are made, demonstrate your understanding of what causes blood types to be what they are by explaining what AB blood is regarding its antigens and antibodies. State in which structure all erythrocytes and leukocytes are made. Include an accurate and...
Discuss what you feel are the potential benefits of stem cell research for Alzheimer’s patients and their families. To answer this question, consider that stem cells are undifferentiated, primitive cells with the ability both to multiply and differentiate into specific kinds of cells. Stem cells hold the promise of allowing...
Develop a simple and novel task to examine rats’ ability to demonstrate memory for objects, their spatial position, and the context in which they appeared. To answer this question, investigate memory for objects (what), their spatial location (where), and a temporal element (when). Take another approach and consider the role...
Imagine that you take a huge bite and taste the satisfying garlic shrimp in your mouth. Describe how you know you are eating. To answer this question, describe how you know you are eating and tasting garlic shrimp versus rotten apples. What sense is being used? Is it a general...
Demonstrate your understanding of cell metabolism. Provide your arguments on this topic. To answer this question, including an explanation of the generation of ATP in metabolism, an explanation of the term metabolic pathway, and an explanation of how metabolic pathways are regulated. Explain the significance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle...
Recall how antibodies and antigens work together. Which of these is produced by our bodies to fight off the other? Each immunoglobulin class has distinct chemical characteristics that provide a specific function. For example, IgG antibodies are formed in large quantities. IgM class is antibodies formed in response to infection....
What pain receptors do humans have within the nervous system? Discuss different types of nociceptors, mechanical, chemical, thermal, and polymodal. Which body parts are more sensitive to pain and which are not? Discuss why some people have a higher tolerance to pain and what is associated with it. Further on,...
Compare arteries and veins. What is the overall function of arteries? What about veins? How are arteries and veins involved in pulmonary circulation? What is the role of arteries in systemic circulation? What about veins? Compare arteries and veins from the perspective of blood pressure. Describe the structure of arteries...
Discuss whether gender is a biological construct. Proponents of a school of thought called natural differentiation using the theory of natural difference have argued that aspects of human biology ranging from hormones to chromosomes to brain size to genetics are responsible for innate dissimilarities in behavior between females and males....
Discuss how environmental changes have altered the behavior of a wild primate. Most primates are threatened by extinction, mostly due to the rapid changes in their environments. Find one example of how environmental changes have altered the behavior of a wild primate or another type of animal. This can be...
Learn about the innovation of the microscope to help scientists to understand the natural world. The goal is to investigate how microscope innovation helps scientists understand the natural biological world. Investigate the innovation of the microscope and how it helps scientists to understand the natural world. Discuss the development of...
Read and analyze the primary research article “Asymmetric glycerophospholipids impart distinctive biophysical properties to lipid bilayers” by Smith et al. Describe the goals, significance, and background for the study. Describe the specific question the research group is addressing or the relationship they are investigating with this investigation. Summarize the methods...
Provide the definition of organelle, its advantages, functions, and importance for cells. What is an organelle? What is the advantage of having organelles? Which organelles/structures do plant and animal cells contain? Are there any organelles/structures that are only in one or the other? What is the main function of one...
Discuss the fundamental principles of cell division in animals and plants. According to cell theory, all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cell division is the process in which one cell becomes two cells. During cell division, both the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided (a division of the nucleus is...
Provide baseline data on reproductive efficiency in Standardbred mares under an artificial breeding system. Reproductive efficiency has improved in Thoroughbred horses since the 1980s. However, there is little published data on the reproductive efficiency of Standardbred horses. That’s why there is a need to investigate parameters of reproductive performance under...
Discuss animal behavior and welfare in the context of human-modified environments. You will research the behavior of a species in the wild and compare your findings to the behavior of animals in a captive setting. The rationale for the study is that animals in captivity may not always have the...
Analyze the effects of the Anthropocene on the biosphere. What is the Anthropocene? How does it differ from previous geologic periods? How has the carbon footprint affected the biosphere in the past 250 years? Is the damage caused by the carbon footprint irreversible? What can be done to save the...
Memory is not a simple process of rote retrieval or replay; rather it’s largely a matter of reconstruction. Agree or disagree with this statement. In rote learning, memory is obtained through repetition and is usually stored in short-term memory. On the other hand, memory as an aspect of reconstruction has...
Review the article “The egg and the sperm: How science has constructed a romance based on stereotypical male-female roles” by E. Martin. What are the authors trying to say? What are their focus and aim? How have the authors approached their topic of study? What are their main conclusions and...
Many classification features are too ambiguous and vague to be used in the case of closely related organisms. For example, all mammals (classification feature – feeding milk) are vertebrates, but not all vertebrates are mammals (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds). Most organisms are so complex that it is challenging to classify...
Provide an in-depth background science review on marine science. The student is encouraged to synthesise and critique the existing body of knowledge on the topic of marine science. Areas of strength or weakness in the knowledge may be identified as well as suggestions for further work may be included. Develop...
What are the findings of “Changes in Cell Size and Shape during 50,000 Generations of Experimental Evolution with Escherichia coli” by Magid, Franklin, Dufour, Lenskia? Read the study “Changes in Cell Size and Shape during 50,000 Generations of Experimental Evolution with Escherichia coli” by Magid, Franklin, Dufour, Lenskia. What is...
Discuss how you would write an essay on bioethics or a review of a technique, or any other genetics-related topic of your choice. The format of the essay should include an introduction, issue, and opinion. The introduction should properly explain the core of your essay, why that topic is important,...
In the course of the Arrowhead Nature Trail tour, walk through the forest and tidal habitats as we look at the flora and fauna that live there. What is the FL State Tree? Why are our Barrier Islands so fire-dependent? What is a “Maritime Forest?” How can you distinguish a...
How do enzymes work? Explain the similarities and differences between competitive and allosteric inhibition. Focus on how your assigned pesticide (Glyphosate, Atrazine, Chlorpyrifos, DDT, or Neoniccotinoids) works. You should find one to two reliable sources to summarize that discuss how your pesticide works. This is also known as its mechanism of...
Provide your understanding of the significance of major discoveries in modern biology. Describe a discovery, innovation, important finding, and/or breakthrough in genetics, cell biology, and/or biotechnology. Some examples include endosymbiont theory, in vitro fertilization, GMOs, cloning, genetic engineering, PCR, genetic fingerprinting, gene therapy, and DNA sequencing. Include the people behind...
What is the Sheep Heart Dissection? Examine both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the sheep heart. Learn the apex as the point on which the precordium farthest outwards and downwards the sternum, a point cardiac impulse. Consider the left ventricle, which is thicker and pumps oxygenated blood to all...
Summarize one article from a primary scientific literature source that uses a microbe as a model organism/system. Write a summary of the study that includes the following: Why did the scientists perform the study? What was the hypothesis under investigation? What were the major results, and did they support or...
Discuss your understanding of short-term memory. Discuss whether your understanding of short-term memory is consistent with the findings of the article (i.e., the visual short-term memory capacity of 4-5 objects with decreased capacity as visual information increases). Think of five real-world memory tasks and rank order them in terms of...
Discuss the benefits of false memories. Discuss the idea that false memories may be beneficial. Think of real-life examples of false memories you or others have experienced and identify both the positive and negative outcomes of those errors. For your answer, you can use the article “The adaptive nature of...
Describe how sensory receptors work. Discuss different types of sensory receptors and the stimuli they detect. Understand the complexities of our sense of touch. Examine the structures in the human eye that contribute to our vision. Experience various optical illusions and perceptions with our vision. Examine the structures in the...
Discuss the stages of conception and pregnancy. What is the process of conception and gestation? Explain the four steps of conceptions, which must include duration and significant change. Explain in detail the three stages of pregnancy. Include details about the physical and emotional symptoms the women progress through in each...
Give an overall sense of the organization and function of the body system you chose. Give a detailed explanation of the system’s purpose, the organs that make up the system, as well as the function of the organs that make up the system. Provide diagrams or illustrations of the system....
Analyze the processes of strengthening and weakening the muscles. In addition to experiencing disorders and diseases that can affect muscles, people can strengthen or weaken their muscles in various ways. Certain diseases, for example, can weaken muscles; in contrast, people can develop routines that strengthen their muscles. Describe two ways...
Name the two major components of blood, and state their average percentages in whole blood. Describe the composition and functional importance of plasma. Define formed elements and list the cell types composing them, cite their relative percentages, and describe their major functions. Identify red blood cells, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes,...
What are the main influences on protein folding? How do hydrogen bonds form during protein folding into secondary structures? Proteins organize themselves into specific three-dimensional structures through a myriad of conformational changes. What are the main influences on protein folding? How do hydrogen bonds form during protein folding into secondary...
Discuss the processes of digestion and absorption. What is the role of a micelle and a lacteal? We know that we need vitamin D to absorb Calcium from our intestines if, of course, we have taken in enough calcium. Please discuss the process of absorption from the intestine. Please discuss...
Provide an overview of metabolic reactions. When we put a tortilla chip laden with salsa into our mouths, the digestion process begins via our teeth and amylase. What specific kind of reaction is this? What type of molecule is being broken down? What kind of a reaction is it when...
When it comes to the discussion of cells and genetics, there are several concepts that need to be differentiated between them. Firstly, the difference between mitosis and meiosis is the result of the process of cell division. Mitosis leads to the production of two identical cells from the parent cell,...
The author aimed to provide a different view on the ways of life that the majority of people in developed countries see as tragic and full of struggle. While the latter is certainly true, many people who have to live in such conditions do not see their lives as tragic...