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The caudate, as a part of the implicit memory system, is involved in habit formation and automatic performing tasks. One can observe all these features of behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Indeed, HSAM individuals are prone to the scrupulous collection and accurate categorization of things, facts, and memories. This necessity to...
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genotype of an individual and transmits information by inheritance through self-reproducing. RNA is a ribonucleic acid with monomers called nucleotides. There are some similarities and differences in the structure and functions of DNA and RNA. The main difference is that the helix...
Diminishing returns is a term used in reference to a reduction in a factor of production and the associated reduction in its marginal production even as the factor in question increases. According to Colander, this statement is true because it reaches a point of efficiency where all factors of production...
All I know about aging in general and the aging of the brain, in particular, supports the first theory. With aging, reaction time slows down, and intelligence may decline significantly (although there is still a chance that it will be steady for the whole lifespan). It is explained by the...
No red blood cells were seen under the microscope when a drop of blood was placed in distilled water. This observation can be explained by the fact that distilled water is a hypotonic solution with respect to the inside of the red blood cells. Therefore, the cells absorbed water via...
Environmental signals constitute tissue activities that regulate stem cell activity. Epidermal injury is the key environmental signal. Bulge cells act quickly after injuries to the epidermis by producing short-lived cells that move to the center of the lesion. This process promotes healing. Intrinsic signals include a protein-rich diet, which promotes...
A morphogen is a signalling substance that influences the arrangement of tissue development in a process known as morphogenesis. Morphogens act directly on cells to bring about a characteristic shift in their development. However, they act at a distance from their source of production. The magnitude of their effect is...
To change his mindset, an older man needs to look at the situation from a different perspective. The man might tell himself that although he is not ready for the test yet, reading and preparing for it will certainly increase his chance of passing. It is very important to stop...
The process of conception is a highly regulated and intricate topic, which makes it more interesting to explore and study. Ovum fertilization is carried out in the fallopian tube. The egg is surrounded by many sperm cells, each of which wants to penetrate it, but only one succeeds. In this...
The subcortical regions involved in muscle control and movement are the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, which are connected to the thalamus. The main function of the latter is to relay information.
The areas of the brain considered the cortical motor circuit are the primary motor cortex, Premotor area (PMA), which guides body movements through linking sensory information, and by controlling the muscles which are nearest to the body’s major axis and the supplementary motor area (SMA), which is involved in the...
A high-velocity musculoskeletal movement such as tennis serves or boxing punch requires reciprocal coordination of agonistic and antagonistic muscles. It is produced when the body parts are not able to execute the right action in response to the neurological command.
The four pathways through which the brain communicates with muscles are the neurons, synapses, dendrites, and central nervous system—these form neuro-pathways which produce electrical and chemical stimuli.
The neuromuscular junction is the region of contact connecting the ends of myelinated nerves and a skeletal muscle fiber. The body has close to over 600 skeletal muscles of various kinds, and each comprises numerous muscle fibers. The length of the skeletal muscle ranges from a few millimeters to some...
Ecosystem Service is referred to as the combination of economic, ecological, as well as social factors needed to sustain and improve the quality of the environment in order to make it best address the prevailing as well as future needs. For instance, the ecosystem services provided in the Pacific Northwest...
Riparian Zones should mainly be restored as they are habitats for flora, fauna, and aquatic organisms. Moreover, the zones are known to prevent erosion and to protect the quality of water. During this process, it is vital to consider our understanding of riparian zone processes and the causes of the...
The recent environmental degradation that is experienced around the Pacific Northwest can be attributed to the change of swimming behavior of the salmons, which has negatively affected the fishing industry. In addition, this has also caused a reduction in the size of their population.
The climate in central Oregon has dramatically changed over the years. This has mainly been attributed to increased human activity around the region that has to lead to global warming and a reduction of rainfall. As a result, the hardwood trees are mainly restricted to the areas near the streams....
During the past millennium in the Willamette Valley, the fire regimes were mostly influenced by both anthropogenic and natural causes. Human-set fires were transformed by regional climate unpredictability during the medieval climate anomaly as well as the Little Ice Age and mostly left the land bear. The reduction of the...
a. A forest (or ecosystem) is healthy when it’s biotic, and abiotic aspects do not hamper the forest’s management objectives at any given time. b. Biotic features and abiotic features. c. An estuary is an example of an ecosystem. Its abiotic features include water and rocks, while its biotic aspect...
Destroying the vegetation can lead to the extinction of salmonids’ right habitat as no streams will emanate from the mountains to the estuaries which form their habitats. The destruction of the vegetation can also cause a breakdown of the ecological chain of the population. Salmon feeds on certain vegetations that...
a. As compared to 150 years ago, the landscape of the Coburg Hills currently has a denser forested area. b. Today, the most common tree species around the Willamette Valley are the Pseudotsuga menzieshi. c. The less abundant tree species are Arbutus menziesi and Quercus garryana. d. There are fewer...
a. The trees are mostly characterized by needle-like leaves. The leaves are made in such form in order to reduce the surface area exposed to sunlight. A small surface area helps to prevent excessive evaporation. The trees are usually very large, providing a buffer against environmental stress.The trees usually have...
The preparation for the forum about the issue of genome editing requires one to consider the topic from different angles. First of all, it is vital to address the health-related consequences of the sex selection procedure. According to Kang et al., CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) editing procedure,...
Negative stereotypes, such as people becoming less intelligent with age, can affect the memory capacities of the elderly. That is due to numerous factors that affect people on a psychological and sociocultural level. First of all, the stereotype threat changes the self-esteem of the adults, and because of that, they...
The process of aging is the result of continuous and gradual accumulation of DNA damage or mutations triggered by outside environmental factors and inherited features of an organism. One of the causes of aging and cell death is violations of DNA repair processes, leading to the emergence and accumulation of...
Hypotheses concerning the origin of languages are quite numerous, and the genetic origin of language is one of them. According to the genetic source view, the ability to communicate using language emerged as a mutation in people’s genetic code. Therefore, the theory implies that the ability to speak languages is...
The temperature of the body is regulated by the hypothalamus located in the brain. The hypothalamus accomplishes this by initiating changes to skin effectors, such as muscles in hair follicles and sweat glands. This is usually a complex process. The temperature receptors detect changes in the external environment pass this...
When the epidermis produces new cells, they are immediately pushed towards the outer part of the skin. During this process, their nutrients reduce as they are pushed far away from the basement membrane. The maturing cells go through a process of keratinization or hardening, during which the newly formed cells...
Alveoli are small lung parts where oxygen is transferred to the blood and carbon dioxide is taken away. Three million alveoli in the lungs provide the body with oxygen.
It removes H2O from the atmosphere during glycolysis. Explanation: Cellular respiration is a process used by aerobes to process food by combining it with oxygen and diverting the resulting energy via the mitochondria. It is then stored using adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which fuels other processes. Glycolysis is the first step...
The correct answer is D (too much calcium) because while calcium is bone strengthening and essential for a healthy lifestyle, too much of it can lead to negative repercussions, as it builds up in the body. Explanation: These health effects can include the contamination of the urinary tract due to...
The correct option is false: toxins from pathogenic bacteria cannot be destroyed by freezing or cooking. Explanation: Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease in humans. They can come from the most common food products such as meat, milk, and eggs and are often water-borne. Now that pathogenic bacteria...
The correct answer is B (liver). Explanation: The main function of the liver is to filter the blood that arrives from the digestive systems before it can enter other parts of the body. Thus, when people drink alcohol, the liver’s primary responsibility is eliminating ethanol from the bloodstream. In the...
The correct answer is C (Hippocampus). Explanation: Hippocampus is an area of the human brain responsible for memory, both short- and long-term. After just one or two drinks, the function of the brain becomes damaged by alcohol, inhibiting most processes occurring in the hippocampus. Hippocampus also regulates spatial navigation, which...
The correct answer is D (run after the dog while shouting its name). Explanation: A dog off-leash can be difficult to retrieve if you don’t know how to do it correctly. According to professional trainers, the least effective method is to chase the dog while shouting its name. This is...