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Abraham Lincoln’s explanation of psychological egoism in the fable about piglets demonstrates that this theory is likely to be true. Indeed, Lincoln demonstrated it with his own experience when he saved the piglets from the swamp. He stated that he saved them not for the benefit of their good but...
Community psychology is a constantly developing discipline that changes every day. The changes in society, politics, environment, and economics drive change together with the inner dynamics of communities, social groups, and nations. Wolfgang made several predictions concerning the future state of community psychology. First, community psychology is expected to become...
The course on community psychology helped me to re-evaluate my understanding of social interventions and their potential effects on the community. As I wrote previously, before taking this course, I believed that an evidence-based approach to addressing problems is the best since they are measurable, reliable, and cost-effective. I thought...
Maintaining confidentiality is essential in the field of psychology as it builds trust among one’s clients. If an individual who is half of a couple confided in me, I would ensure that the secret stays a secret until they decide that I should share it with the other party. However,...
When working with individual clients is a different experience from working with members of the same family. It is easier to maintain confidentiality as there is less pressure on the side of the psychologist to reveal some worrying details about the other person in an attempt to help them. However,...
Treating an individual and their children can cause conflicts between them because once they discover that, they may feel that their secrets are shared with the other party. It may also be difficult for the therapist to recommend the best methods of healing. For instance, when a mother seeks therapy...
The four basic elements include for a positive or comfortable emotional climate are: Connection: an environment of connection between teachers, peers, and parents promotes a positive climate environment for physically challenged learners. This element supports the social development of children enabling them to socialize effectively. Engagement: learners get involved in...
Just like student-athletes, coaches and their staff also undergo an emotional breakdown when they lose their family members. However, society still demands proficiency and results from them. Therefore, chaplains should acknowledge the burdening effects such requirements have on their lives when comforting them. For instance, as a “good shepherd” who...
Communication forms a crucial aspect of parenting and determines how a child will develop socially, physically, and intellectually. Parents communicate with their children both verbally and nonverbally when passing a message or instructions. Parents use encouraging and appreciating words such as thank you for motivating and giving the child morale...
Stanley Milgram’s experiment was meant to find out how many people were willing to obey an authority when ordered to violate their ethical standards. It was found that individuals exposed to difficulties we’re able to show obedience more than individuals who experienced an easy initiation. The results of the study...
The information from this TED talk can be applied in a variety of ways during my professional interactions with children with exceptionalities. I want to change my practice from compassion to motivation because empathy is usually the first thing a person expresses in relation to a child with a disability....
Respect for Persons Researchers should treat human participants as autonomous agents, acting under deliberation of personal goals. If the subjects have diminished autonomy, the researchers must protect them since they do not have self-determination. Additionally, they need to be excluded from those research activities that may harm them. Beneficence Researchers...
During the pandemic, as I was in isolation, my behaviors changed through classical conditioning such that I could no longer walk out of the room whenever it was 10 PM due to curfew. This was not the case before as I liked walking around during the night before this time...
Ego has enabled me to solve the conflicts that arise due to the Id and superego by making things realistic to me. When my selfish desires could not be satisfied in the real world, my ego helped me go back to my senses and becomes realistic. Ego also enabled me...
The four stages of Tuckman’s framework include forming, storming, norming, and performing steps of group integration. This discussion describes my experience of playing on a volleyball team and analyzes my learning experience. At first, when I came to a sports section, I did not know any people there; I was...
Worldview defines the concepts and assumptions that can change throughout life. According to Flanagan, this term refers to “an individual’s frame of reference, held consciously and subconsciously, that evolves due to life experiences.” As I grow older or find myself in different situations having different needs, my worldview might change.
Vygotsky’s ideas appear to be beneficial in different types of social interactions and experiences as they imply the cruciality of the development through its culture. As a result, people might find sociocultural theory profitable in social-emotional observation, considering that understanding an interlocutor’s community identifies one’s social skills. The perception of...
Children seldom tell individuals in positions of power about abuse, and when they do, it is rarely a falsehood. When children come forward with information concerning sexual abuse, approximately 5% of their early statements are purposely false. Children have a sense of trust and hope that if everything is said,...
Culture is the unique arrangement of rules, attitudes, opinions, and behavior that characterizes the way people and institutions collaborate to accomplish goals. Culture establishes how members of an institution should behave under particular conditions and how their actions affect their relationships with others. It impacts everyone, from the seasoned CEO...
Determining what characterizes employees’ performance and how it may be measured is critical for IO psychologists. The generic concept of work performance establishes work productivity problems as a phenomenon and, as such, has examined if there are fundamental elements of work performance that are universal to all career fields. Therefore,...
The reason for any disobedience is an unmet need for love, attention, hugs, understanding, safety, protection, recognition, and care. Therefore, the child’s bad behavior is a sign that the time has come to help him. It will not be enough to simply try to regulate the child’s behavior by ignoring...
In reviewing their lives, people are likely to experience many emotions, including embarrassment, shame, or fear. But to fully develop emotionally requires a person to explore their life deeply and entirely without letting their worries interfere with the process. In it, people commit to being honest with themselves by exploring...
In pursuit of their ambitions, parents overlook such an important aspect as the development of emotional intelligence. Sometimes kids easily write, read, and count; however, the formation of the emotional sphere seems like a much more complicated process. But it is proven that it is a crucial component of the...
Social psychology refers to the study of how interpersonal and intrapersonal factors influence an individual’s behavior. Environmental factors such as social interaction can influence an individual to develop a new behavior. Social psychology can be experienced in group behavior, leadership, aggression, prejudice, conformity, and non-verbal behavior. Most people develop new...
Cognitive dissonance is psychological discomfort that arises when an individual holds two or more inconsistent attitudes, cognition, and behavior. Cognitive dissonance is mostly experienced when an individual understands the consequences of behavior but still engages in bad behaviors. I am a victim of cognitive dissonance because of some decisions I...
The early home environment can indeed have either an adverse effect or a positive effect on the future well-being of a person. Similarly, a child’s physical appearance and behavior can be greatly affected by the treatment the youngster receives, especially at the infantile stage. For instance, there is a girl,...
From the critical analysis of Genie’s case, some factors increased or facilitated the mistreatment, which resulted in her retarded growth and inability to speak. Firstly, the risk factor that can be identified is the psychological trauma of her father. Her father, Clark Wiley, was traumatized after the incident in which...
Classical conditioning is the psychological process of establishing connections between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response to elicit a conditioned response to an earlier neutral stimulus that becomes conditioned. It is viewed in the context of behaviorism, an approach to psychology that holds that all types of behavior are...
Attachment theory relates to the case of Genie in a significant way. It is undeniably true that Genie failed to form a secure attachment with his parents in her early childhood. The relationship between her and her father was irredeemably severe because of how the father worked hard to isolate...
Everyone can display their anger productively; while expressing it is usually done in four ways: aggressively, passively-aggressively, suppressing it, or declaring it, while only the last of these ways is healthy. When expressing anger aggressively, people may, for example, throw things and hit something. Passive aggression occurs when a person...
The abbreviation RAD refers to Reactive Attachment Disorder. According to Perry and Szalavitz, RAD is often observed among people who experienced early childhood trauma. Children with this condition struggle to establish relationships with others and often demonstrate aggressive and dangerous behavior, posing risks for both the child and the environment....
Both parents and counselors need to be focused on minimizing the damaging and disruptive impact of divorce on children by providing a smooth and healthy transition from a single family to parental separation. Since parents are not always equipped with relevant skills and knowledge in regard to these objectives, it...
Among the factors that influence the emotional development of a child, Jacobson mentions the following: biological and environmental determinants and positive and negative emotions. Biological factors include the temperament and genetics of a child – their influence is difficult to regulate. However, environmental determinants can be easily modified; people just...
Reading the literature and using the techniques indicated will help teachers improve their emotional state. For example, Jacobson mentions the five-finger method for solving problems that arise when interacting with children. The available literature provides advice on how to educate children to control their impulses, change the approach to teaching,...
Inexpressibility includes ideas and terms that should not be expressed verbally, such as censorship or taboo. In philosophy, this term refers to concepts that are too complex or abstract to be appropriately conveyed. The most significant part of the criticism is aimed at the ineffectiveness of the taboo. It highlights...
Adolescents make decisions less efficiently than adults. First, the explanation for this is a little experience and insufficient knowledge in order to assess the situation and make the right decision correctly. Also, adolescents perceive risky behaviors without negative consequences inadequately, which leads to additional risk. Second, adolescents need adult supervision...
The reception axiom-the greater the level of cognitive engagement with an issue, the more the likelihood a person is to be exposed to and comprehend a political message. The resistance axiom- individuals tend to block arguments that are against their political predispositions. The accessibility axiom- the earlier consideration is called...
The negotiation process has its advantages and disadvantages, as demonstrated in Table 1 below. Type of Negotiation Pros Cons Compromising Because both sides win and lose, it is fair. The conflict ends immediately, and both parties may becomedisenchanted since neither of them gets what they want. Forcing It takes little...
In individual PIA, I have high emotional intelligence results (80), which tells about my awareness of emotions and their impact on my work. According to affective events theory, people have to react emotionally to what happens to them at work and use their emotions while developing workplace attitudes and behaviors....
Erikson’s theory describes eight stages of human psychosocial development from infancy to old age. The first four stages occur in childhood when trust, autonomy, initiative, and competence should typically develop. Abnormalities during this period can cause such maladaptive issues as excessive guilt, withdrawal, compulsion, and feeling of inferiority. The fifth...
Teaching is a complex process that often requires additional stimuli to reinforce learning. The two most used concepts in behavioral psychology are classical and operant conditioning, which apply two distinct methods in training. Watson’s classical conditioning implies that particular response to an event or object can be stimulated. Specifically, Watson...
Gender socialization takes place inside someone’s mind and is ingrained there by the societal expectations of an individual. Riley defied this by insisting on creating his own gender identity aside from the one created for him by society. He insisted that he was a boy and not a girl, as...
The main concern that Riley’s parents have regarding his future challenges stems from the grim statistics that are associated with transgender children. Studies show that 41% of transgender children commit suicide because of depression. Although they provide their child with the tender loving care that he needs, their greatest worry...
The post-formal thoughts emerge in adulthood. Mostly the thinking habits of the teenagers are challenged from a unique approach that becomes realistic and pragmatic. Therefore, the teacher means that Jina has reached a point of realization that there is no forwardness to life and that she must adapt to the...
The encoding process is one method through which your brains get information. When individuals incorporate elaborative encoding, they digest information according to its significance, allowing it to stay in their memory much longer. After receiving sensory information from the environment, your memory stores or code the information for an extended...
In the open-heart surgery example, the individual’s self has changed. According to Hume, the self is the result of personal experiences and inward knowledge and evolves as the mind grows. In the kidnapping scenario, the individual identities will remain unchanged.
Descartes is a dualist who insists that the body and the mind are independent entities seeing as he was capable of conceiving them as separate. He believed that human beings received knowledge through innate knowledge rather than the senses. Humanity has the most direct sensory impression of the body rather...
Adolescent egocentrism is a special case of egocentrism in general; it manifests itself in the sphere of personality with the onset of adolescence. If in the cognitive sphere egocentrism is overcome by the age of seven or eight, then in the sphere of personality, it flares up by the age...
Piaget believed that children’s brains work fundamentally differently in comparison with adults, being intrinsically motivated by the need to explore. He believed that the mental development of children is a direct result of their interaction with the world, which helps them to adopt and implement various concepts. His perception of...
Although prejudice seeks to discriminate and segregate particular population categories socially, it reflects the state of the agenda for an individual community. Thus, by profoundly examining the causal mechanisms underlying prejudice, it is appropriate to identify its causes. Moreover, by knowing the causes, it becomes possible to eliminate or inhibit...
The article called “Forget Trophies, Let Kids Know It’s O.K. to Lose” was published by “The New York Times” on the 6 of October 2016. The author, Ashley Merryman, elaborates on the topic of the impact of praise on kids’ self-esteem. The main idea of the article is that constant...
Depth perception refers to the ability to perceive the world visually in three dimensions that are usually accompanied by the ability to determine the distance of an object. The binocular (two eyes) and monocular (one eye) tends to determine the size, perception as well as distance. Monocular vision usually has...
People undergo different stages in their life. The paper has discussed Kierkegaard’s three stages of life, namely aesthetics, moral, and spiritual phases, with three colleagues aged 21, 33, and 56. I then asked them to identify the stage they were in as I noted the various insights about the stage....
Carl Rogers is one of the renowned psychologists in the United States. His influence in the field of guidance and counseling is immense. The three significant influences that Carl Rogers made in the field of counseling and guidance focus on the relationship between the client and the counselor. According to...
Eclecticism has different formats, which are applicable in various aspects of human life. Apparently, technical eclecticism is one of the widely used eclectic approaches in the field of counseling and guidance. The approach has a series of advantages linked to its use as well as a range of disadvantages. Some...
As for nutrition, its role in healthy development cannot be overstated. Healthy dietary habits, such as eating enough vegetables and fruits every day, as well as consuming low-fat dairy products and foods that are rich in fiber, lessen the risks of disease and developmental delays by meeting the growing organism’s...
Write a paper detailing how psychology is relevant to your life. The paper should cite specific examples from your own life, which answer the following question: “How do you, yourself, use your knowledge of psychology in your everyday life?” Maybe you’ve learned enough about yourself or someone close to you...
Discuss the issue of social psychology, share your experience with cognitive dissonance; explain the purpose of the Stanley Milgram experiment. Social Psychology Discussion Instructions: Define social psychology and provide examples of its use in the world today. What is cognitive dissonance? Share an example of when you have experienced cognitive...
Among the earliest schools of thought in psychology were structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism, developed by Edward Titchener, attempted to use introspection to uncover the basic elements of consciousness and the way they combine with one another into ideas (that is, the structure of consciousness). Functionalism looked for explanations of psychological processes in their role, or function,...
Physiological psychology explains behavior from a biological point of view. According to a physiological psychologist, only the accepted facts and theories of biology can help to understand human behavior. The purpose is to reveal the relationship between behavior and the underlying physiological mechanisms. Some of the investigations that a physiological...
Everyone experienced some situations in life when he or she acted mindlessly and afterward, could not even find an explanation for such actions. The main reasoning came from being lost or shocked, not being able to think rationally, etc. However, acting mindlessly also has a sound psychological basis by which...
I think credentials in the mental health professional helps to protect the profession. It also ensures that the profession is respected and thus blocks the entry of those who do not meet the qualification. As the public gets protected from crude professionals, it also does lose in that many people...
As a part of developmental psychology, developmental trajectory relates to the path or progression of the ability development, such as the theory of mind, with aging. The numerous studies on the theory of mind (ToM) state that the skills of mindreading follow the developmental trajectory. This implies the gradual emergence...
During the progress of the project, the nature and the magnitude of the problem can change with other priorities becoming more urgent. The clients’ capabilities and perceptions or better ways of solving the problem can also evolve. Thus, it is expected that a professional consultant doesn’t have to insist on...
Building positive relationships today may be tough for parents and guardians because the technical advancements, particularly the ones that foster communication, are creating a knowledge-gap that may be difficult to bridge. Teenagers today are exposed to a lot of things, which exposes them to more information than their parents can...
Attachment is important for growing children because it helps children develop the sense of security needed for one to grow into a healthy and productive individual. Secure children ultimately develop confidence and competence because they are encouraged to learn through exploration. Children who know that they have the backing of...
Children and adolescents are likely to suffer from child traumatic stress when they are exposed to traumatic situations. In most cases, the traumatized children and adolescents are unable to cope with the trauma. The traumatic events include physical or sexual abuse, victims of domestic or community violence, and even unexpected...
Evolutionary psychology is a psychological field that relies on the principles of natural selection in building upon its theoretical perspectives. The theory has attracted much application in the field of science. Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that the concept of natural sexual and selection plays a significant role in shaping behavior and...
The cognitive perspective emphasizes the importance of human thought processes such as attending, remembrance, expectations, problem-solving, fantasizing, and conscious mind. The perspective has widely been used in the field of psychology, especially in clinical treatments of psychological disorders of the mind. There are numerous criticisms of this perspective, and they...
The central focus of Freud’s theories was the importance of the unconscious elements in yielding the symptoms and mechanisms of defense of the patient. According to Freud’s therapeutic techniques, the primary objective of the therapist is to understand the repressed conflicts forming the problem. Freud asserted that psychologists were experts...
Criticisms of Freud The following are some of the criticisms leveled against his findings and theoretical formulations. Firstly, critics have cited Freud’s overreliance on clinical and scientific observations. Therefore, critics have raised questions of the inability to offer a general insight into the understanding of human behavior based on verifiable...
In neuroscience, consolidation is the process of transferring information from short-term memory to more reliable, long-term memory. Initial findings on consolidation came from observations of the 1900s when it was proposed that recent memories were more vulnerable to injury or disease than older memories. The consolidation process is based on...
Nonverbal communication and prejudice & discrimination. Nonverbal communication is an interpersonal relations aspect of social psychology that explains the way people use non-linguistic means (for example, visual, kinesthetic, tactile, and auditory) to transfer information between each other. Prejudice and discrimination are common topics in social psychology because they identify the...
The humanism video illustrates the need of people for positive regard, acceptance, sympathy, and love. In particular, the “humanistic approach psychology” clip shows human hands of various colors holding each other at 2:03, followed by a photo of a group of young people. A girl in the picture is taking...
The study is likely quantitative in its design because it determines the rate of seasonal-pattern depression. The study may focus on seasonal data for multiple years to determine this rate.
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory is also known as the multi-story memory model. This model assumes the presence of three separate but sequentially connected memory systems such as sensory, short-term and long-term. Explanation: The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model states that short-term memory section is a centerpiece of the memory acquisition and...
Psychological noise as a barrier to communication is manifested in the fact that it is a constant mental chatter that never stops. This is an internal conversation or an internal monologue that constantly happens in the mind. Many do not know about this psychological noise, because it has become a...
Visual cliff experiment conducted by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk in 1960 is one of the classic studies in psychology. The experiment was created to test depth perception in infants and animal species by placing them on a platform that simulated a cliff providing the subjects with visual and tactile...
One of the first concepts of the leadership approach was Fiedler’s situational theory. She focused on the situation and identified three factors that influence the behavior of the leader. They are the relationship between the leader and subordinates, the structure of the task, and the authority of the leader. Explanation:...