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Why in the 1920s and 1930s, particularly in the city of Chicago, did the notion of blaming “the city” for the nation’s crime problem become a dominant explanation or theory for the causation of crime and criminal behavior?

Most early theories assumed that examining the social environment or the external circumstances does not provide sufficient insight into the causes of crime. They placed full responsibility on the individual offenders for the crime issues. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, the crime outbreak in the United States...

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Which of the two theories – Chicago School of criminology and social disorganization or the Anomie and Strain Theory – do you feel better explains the cause of criminal behavior?

The Anomie and Strain theories present the contrary approach to examining criminal activity and its origin based on the broader cultural and structural structures that establish America’s social cohesion. Together with the Chicago school, these two fundamental paradigms are aimed at demonstrating how the American social structure, including the disagreements...

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Keith lends his car to Jermaine, who drives to the home of a marijuana dealer intending to steal a cash. Dermain kills tthe Dealer in a struggle. What rule allows local prosecutors to charge Keith with first-degree murder?

The litigation scenario under consideration in the case of the murder of a drug dealer is a hearing that allows prosecutors to charge Keith, a person who lent his car to Jermaine, with first-degree murder. The fact that Keith was absent from the crime scene does not relieve him of...

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In the reading, Mauer discusses the role law enforcement plays in Drug Arrests, specifically how their discretion can be prejudicial. Discuss whether you agree or disagree.

I cannot disagree with the facts provided by Mauer that show how old prejudices still affect the criminal justice system. According to Mauer, African Americans are, in particular, targeted by the police when dealing with drugs, even though this approach does not contribute to solving the drug problem. Thus, the...

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Administrative agencies have been referred to as the “fourth branch of government.” Administrative law is essentially the system that governs the operation of government bureaucracies. Briefly discuss the administrative process, and the degree of power administrative agencies are entrusted with. In your view, is the level of power given to administrative agencies appropriate or overreaching, and why?

Administrative agencies are known as the fourth branch of government. Indeed, they play a large role in regulating the business sector. They are created by federal, state, and local governments to enforce regulatory statutes after their adoption. The purpose of enacting administrative acts and creating administrative bodies is to protect...

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Make a brief description of the public agenda Akaka Bill. Explain how two or more concepts or principles of democracy impact the public agenda item. Discuss the ways in which democratic concepts and principles shape the public agenda.

The public agenda item I have selected concerns the Akaka bill and debates that were raised by its existence, passing, and amendments made to this act. The Akaka bill is aimed at providing Hawaiian people with specific rights as indigenous people who should be treated in accordance with specific laws....

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Discuss the impact of the Progressive movement on the creation of the Arizona Constitution, including the declaration of rights, ballot initiatives, and recall of judges.

In the first decades of the twentieth century, the United States confronted a number of challenging situations related to social life, ongoing industrialization, and immigration. The Progressive movement emerged in order to initiate political and legal changes that would be beneficial to common people and improve their access to tools...

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In detail compare and contrast the U.S. Constitution and the Arizona Constitution. Discuss three findings that account for the significant differences in length.

The documents describing the supreme laws of the United States and Arizona are greatly dissimilar in terms of their length. After being amended more than one hundred times, the Arizona Constitution is about six times as long as the entire country’s supreme law. Regarding the first finding contributing to length...

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Analyze and explain whether the Delaware restriction on the sale of Shine violates the Interstate Commerce Clause. Fully explain your conclusions based on constitutional law.

The Interstate Commerce Law is a major part of the United States Constitution, which is designed to identify the police powers in regard to commerce activities among states and nations. The clause was introduced in 1887 in order to regulate the railroad industry due to instances of price discrimination. It...

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Read the article “How the Sandford Police Department Repaired Its Community Relations…” What did Chief Smith do that changed the department? How could your police department benefit from Chief Smith’s approach?

Chief Smith managed to acknowledge the controversy surrounding the murder of Trayvon Martin, which was targeting the local police instead of the State attorney responsible for George Zimmerman’s release. There was an internal racial and external communal divide the department struggled with. In order to establish efficient communication within the...

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Imagine that Sigmund, in front of Freud, puts a pair of AirPods in his pocket at a local mall. Freud watches but does not say anything. A security guard sees the act and affronts Sigmund and Freud. What possible crimes have been committed by Sigmund? Freud? Are there any available legal defenses?

After entering the electronics store, Sigmund, in front of Freud, put AirPods in his pocket, which was noticed by the security guard. In this case, Sigmund, most likely, will be responsible for the theft, and Freud – for complicity in this crime. Possible legal defenses the boys will likely use...

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Review the Mapp v. Ohio case. Do you feel the police should have obtained a search warrant? Did the police abuse their powers? Were the individual’s civil liberties violated?

In Mapp v Ohio, Dollree Mapp “had been sentenced to seven years in prison for possessing obscene literature, which she claimed she was merely storing for a former tenant who had left it behind along with other belongings.” Although the police officers searched Mapp’s home without a warrant and based...

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What is the Darknet? Why is it having such an impact on child abuse cases?

Darknet is a type of internet market whereby various people interact and exchange secret information with the intent of engaging in criminal activities. This part of the internet involves activities that are not searchable through regular search engines. The Darknet has adverse impacts on cases involving sexual abuse and child...

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What investigative tips would help you solve sex crimes in your community?

Interviewing the offender gives any security officer the chance to gain any necessary information from the suspect as far as a given crime is concerned. In addition, it is important to examine the type of offense since in most of the cases, one can identify the possibility of the offender...

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What are the four elements of a valid contract?

The Leonard v. PepsiCo Points case in the year 1999, to a large measure, met the four elements of a valid contract, which are the existence of a valid agreement, capacity of parties, consideration, and legality.

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“The basic test for classifying a term as a condition, warrenty or innominate term is clear, but its application requires recognition of the benefits of the different classifications.” Critically discuss this statement.

The promissory obligations of a contract are its terms, classified as either conditions or warranties conditions are the important and fundamental obligations, whereas warranties are less important, subsidiary promises. In the nineteenth century, the warranty was often used by the judges to encompass all contract terms, and the strict, two-fold...

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Compare the similarities and differences among the 3 cases of the former sailors (the Norfolk Four case), the Central Park teenagers (the Central Park Jogger case), and the case in Chicago False Confession Capital.

The similarities in The Central Park Five and Chicago: False Confessions Capital, the men were black and Hispanic; in The Central Park Five and Chicago: False Confessions Capital, the falsely accused, were teenagers; the victim was a woman in every case; the interrogation was performed in a manner that made...

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How have affirmative action and ADA laws changed hiring practices?

Now, hiring policies in teaching profession have been influenced by the provisions of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and Americans with Disabilities. (ADA). School management should avoid language in their job advertisement that prevents individuals in protected age groups for applying any job. Hiring advertisement that specify that those who...

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How does bankruptcy affect interest rates on loans? Credit cards?

With the rampant bankruptcy cases in the United States, the future of the issuance of credit cards and loans will be in question. This is so in the sense that several companies are losing a huge sum of money due to bankruptcy. These institutions are unable to realize back their...

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Describe the procedure for an in-house lineup.

The in-house line-up may take part in the case when the statements by the witness and by the suspected person can not be checked without it. It is necessary to reconstruct the scenery as completely as possible and all the time correct the process by asking additional and correcting questions,...

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What is Agenda 21?

Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally, and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment.

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You are an arbitrageur in London. Swiss francs are presently selling in London for the US $0.67. You anticipate that they will increase in value and be selling for the US $0.70 in 30 days. You purchase $1 million worth of francs on the spot market. Is there anything that you can do to hedge your bet? That is, is there some way to ensure that you won’t lose all of your money in case the value of the franc plummets?

Yes, a simultaneous $1 million sale of Swiss francs could also be implemented. This would ensure that in case the value of the franc plummets, the losses due to the purchase of the francs could be offset by the sale of the francs, and therefore, all the money would not...

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X in State A and Y in State B plan to enter into a contract. What can they do to avoid the impact of a fluctuation in the value of their money of account?

The impact of foreign exchange fluctuations could be avoided by following the following guidelines: Investments in gold trading could act as an effective hedge against foreign currency changes and have higher acceptability levels. It is seen that the value of the US $ had been fluctuating conspicuously against the other...

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You are the legal advisor for a vacuum cleaner manufacturing company. The board of directors has sent you to State X to negotiate an investment agreement with State X’s government. Describe the provisions you think need to be in this agreement to protect your company’s investment.

The provisions that need to be invoked in the agreement in order to protect the company’s investments would be in terms of: Cost of technology transfer and transfer price: Both these factors have a direct bearing on the investments since the high cost of technology transfer would require greater doses...

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The London Court of Arbitration has granted an arbitral award to Gee Co. The award requires H.R.R, the state-owned railway company in State H, to pay damages to Gee Co., a company headquartered and incorporated in State G, for breach of contract for the carriage of goods. Gee Co. seeks to enforce the award in a British court. H.R.R pleads that it is immune. What will the Court decide?

Under Article 34 of the Commercial arbitration law (UNICTRAL), which is binding on the parties, only the alternatives available to the country in terms of setting aside the said application would be available if a formal application is made for setting aside as per the following: There is valid proof...

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State A sues State B in the International Court of Justice. The ICJ hands down a judgment that is adverse to State B. State B refuses to comply with the judgment. What can State A do to get State B to comply?

Under Article 94 of the laws of the International Court of Justice, the fact that State B had refused to accept the Court’s verdict could be taken up to the Security Council for hearing Article 94 instituted the duty of all the UN members to comply with decisions of the...

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State X licensed Glowing Power Co. to operate several nuclear power plants within its territory. Despite all due care, an accident occurred at one of these plants, and a large cloud of radioactive dust escaped into the atmosphere. The cloud floated into the airspace above State Y before it began settling. It then caused extensive damage to the population and the natural environment of State Y. Is State X liable? Is the Glowing Power Co. liable? Defend your reasoning.

Is State X liable? The state may not be liable unless it can be proved in Court that the state’s involvement in this accident is evident. In most cases, it is the individual operator, or the person designated or recognized by the initial state, as the operator of that installation,...

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State A dumps its raw, unprocessed sewage into the sea, thereby killing much of marine life along its coastline and coastlines of its neighbors, States B and C. The three States each have recognized the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to resolve disputes between them involving breaches of international law. States B and C, accordingly, have brought suit in the ICJ against State A. They have asked the Court to order State A to take immediate steps to stop dumping sewage into the ocean and to pay for their expenses in cleaning up their coastlines. What should the Court do? Defend your answer.

Under Article 210 Subsection 4 of United Nations Convention for Law of Sea (UNCLOS), pollution by dumping by States, acting especially through competent international organizations or diplomatic conferences, shall endeavor to establish global and regional rules, standards, and recommended practices and procedures to prevent, reduce and control such pollution. Such...

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Chung Properties is building a new hotel in Wan Chai. The construction site has a fence but it was broken and the firm’s site supervisor did not post any warning sign. On a weekend, Emily, aged 15, and her friends got through the broken fence and played in the construction site. Emily accidentally tripped and fell from the scaffolding. She sustained severe multiple injuries. Emily’s parents hire a lawyer and sue Chung Properties. a. Did Chung Properties have an absolute liability in Emily’s injury? Explain. b. Based on the elements of a negligent act, discuss what Emily’s lawyer must establish in order to win the case of negligence against Chung Properties. c. Do you believe that Emily has a case?

a. Law Encyclopedia states that “Absolute Liability is sometimes called Strict Liability and is one kind of legal responsibility which is for damages, or injury, even if the person found strictly liable was not at fault or negligent. In addition, for reasons of public policy, certain activities may be conducted...

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Identify international conflict of law issues.

The international conflict of law can be related to private international law or the international private law which regulates the lawsuits involving cases where different judgments are bound to arise depending on the jurisdiction laws applied. Conflict of laws can either be universal or particular. Universally, it relates to private...

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Explain the applications of agency law in the business environment.

The employment laws and regulations have been formed for the safeguarding of the working classes of people and the compliance of the same has become imperative for agencies according to the international laws of employment. While there is a range of laws in diverse countries which are distinct from the...

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Define legal obligations imposed by major employment law legislation.

There are certain legal obligations related to employment that should be regarded by the agents, contractors, and government and non-government bodies so that they conform to the rules and regulations of the employment forces of their agencies. It is imperative for the employees as well as the agencies which hire...

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Compare and contrast potential legal and equitable remedies.

Equitable remedies are different from legal remedies. The legal remedies are available to the claimant as his right. However, equitable remedies are totally upon the discretion of the court and granted by the court. The equitable remedies are injunction, specific performance, rescission, Estoppel, an account of profits, rectification, subrogation, etc....

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Summarize the legal defenses to contract formation and enforcement.

There are many legal defenses available to the contract formation, there are three different ways in which a contract can be set aside, the contract can be said void, voidable and unenforceable. A contract is void when it never came into existence. Voidable means that one of the parties can...

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There are a variety of resources and services available to state and local government entities involved in being first responders. Evaluate which you think are most critical and defend your choice.

Nowadays, local governmental entities may utilize a plethora of resources and services to enhance their abilities to prevent and respond to terrorist attacks and other emergencies. One of the most essential of them is the National Planning Frameworks. They cover five of the essential mission areas (Prevention, Protection, Mitigation, Response,...

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Twenty years from now, will the war on terrorism still be going on, or will it be won or lost by then? Will terrorists use weapons of mass destruction during these two decades? If so, where and with what results?

The war on terrorism is one of the main features of the modern world. Multiple conflicts in different parts of the world pose a significant threat to world security and the lives of thousands of people. Unfortunately, speculating about the future, it is possible to say that in 20 years,...

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Discuss the important differences between Article II and Article III courts.

The main difference between Article II and Article III is that the former establishes the executive branch of the federal government, whereas the latter establishes the judiciary branch. Article II mainly describes the responsibilities and powers of the President. In contrast, Article III defines the Supreme Court’s powers and encourages...

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Summarize the key elements of the capacity doctrine about contracts.

Only legally competent people are allowed to enter into a contract. Therefore, capacity is the ability to make sound decisions when entering into a contract with another party. For example, a party to a contract is expected to be of sound mind, of legal age, and have the ability to...

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Summarize the key elements of the consideration doctrine about contracts.

Consideration is the price paid (in terms of money or other valuables) when one party makes a promise to another. In other words, something of value must be promised in exchange for a stated action. The promise can be in the form of effort, money, or service. In some cases,...

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Explain investigating theft acts.

Theft act investigative methods are applied when investigative concealment techniques appear to be ineffective. Theft act investigations are activities that focus on the direct investigation of the fraud act. The most common types of such investigations are invigilation, surveillance, searching computers for electronic evidence, and gaining physical evidence. When using...

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What are your overall thoughts of social support theory relative to crime?

Social support belongs to popular theoretical concepts used in different fields of study in order to delve into a variety of problems, including mental health issues, deviant behavior, and even the propensity to crime. In criminology, the theory of social support was first formulated by Cullen in the middle of...

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Do all policies require passing a new law? Give two concrete examples of policies that would not require a law, and identify the type of instrument they use.

Not all policies require passing a law to be implemented. Thus, the establishment of humanitarian organizations in the UAE did not happen due to a new law passing. There are still some regulations, but no laws oblige any individuals or institutions to build charitable organizations for Syrian refugees. However, the...

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Identify the major requirements of health and safety law.

The Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) of 1974 is the act that enforces duties employers have from the perspective of ensuring the safety, health, and welfare of individuals. The groups of individuals the act protects are not only the company’s employees but also clients and the general public....

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Explain major maternity, paternity and other family-friendly employment rights.

Maternity, paternity, and family-friendly employment rights are stated in several pieces of legislation. One of them is the Maternity and Parental Leave etc. Regulations 1999. The objective of this legislation is to present the rights employees of the United Kingdom have from the perspectives of maternity and parental leave. One...

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Explain the main requirements of the law on business transfers.

The Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) regulations (TUPE) is regulated by several acts, including the Employment Rights Act 1996 and Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992. The goals of the legislation in the area are protecting the rights of workers whose business is transferred to another business....

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Explain the main requirements of redundancy law.

Employment Rights Act 1996, along with the Trade Union, and Labour Relations Consolidation Act 1992, is the law related to redundancy. Redundancy occurs when a company wants to decrease the amount of its workforce. The objective of the law is to protect the rights of the employees affected by redundancy....

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Describe when and how contracts can be changed lawfully.

There are several aspects that may result in a need for reorganization and changes in a contract from the perspectives of both the employer and the employee. For instance, a company may expand and need some people to work in the new locations, or a worker may want to extend...

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Explain how cases can be settled before or during formal legal procedures.

There are two recognized ways of resolving disputes before and during legal procedures outside the courts. The first one is mediation, which is a voluntary form of resolving a dispute in the workplace. The purpose of mediation is to maintain and restore workplace relationships and help the involved parties to...

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Describe the role played by the tribunal and courts system in enforcing employment law.

Disputes related to employment law are usually heard in the Employment Tribunal, the County Court, or High Court. Employment tribunals are judicial bodies aiming at resolving conflicts and disputes related to employment rights between employees and employers. The claims tribunals hear include the ones associated with discrimination, unfair dismissal, redundancy...

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Explain the aims and objectives of employment regulation.

There are many objectives of employment regulation; the three of them are associated with social justice, employee protection, and the implementation of government policy. Social Justice Employment law is highly significant for distributing social justice, which means that it ensures that all advantages and disadvantages are distributed within society evenly,...

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Why are expenses related to tax exempt income disallowed?

It should be stated that exempt income refers to types of income to which federal and state income taxes are not applied. In short words, this means that this type of income is not taxable. Therefore, one may conclude that expenses related to tax-exempt income are disallowed in order to...

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What are the basic ideas that are inherent to advocates?

One of the most critical tasks of community health nurses is participation in the political life of society and influence on political circles through advocacy. Nurses have always defended the interests of their patients; however, providing such protection is not always an easy task. To provide more qualified assistance, community...

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Examine what happened to people who invoked the Fifth Amendment, refused to appear or were found in violation of the law as defined by the Congressional Committee.

McCarthyism which stemmed a range of widespread investigations and persecutions was a legally challenging time for the United States as well. Several high-profile cases were reviewed by the Congressional Committees, most notably the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Many who appeared chose to plead the Fifth amendment as not to...

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What does the Third Amendment say at its core?

The Third Amendment does not allow the quartering of soldiers in the civilian-owned property during peacetime, except with the permission of the owner. During times of war, it allows quartering only within the limits of the existing laws.

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The Supreme Court made several important decisions in the late 1800s in regard to industry. What was the significance of these rulings, and how was the Court defining freedom?

The decisions issued by the Supreme Court in the late 1800s produced the foundation for the development of democratic principles based on which the current American legal system was developed. Therefore, taking retrospect into the nature of these decisions to grasp their weight for American society is essential. The law...

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Explain the complexities of addressing sexual assault in the legal system. What are the problems with the current system? If modifications should be made, where and why? If not, why not?Are there other necessary conversations or considerations necessary?

The problem of sexual assault in the legal system requires its detailed analysis because, in many cases, this problem is not discussed in society openly. Thus, there are certain complexities that are associated with the analysis of this phenomenon because of its controversial nature. Among the variety of weaknesses in...

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In the context of mass shooting and/or violence, discuss the balances between rights and violence prevention. Which laws matter? Why or why not? What should be the priorities in the US discussion on firearms? Provide any recommendations you would have for government actors moving forward. Are there other necessary conversations or considerations necessary?

Mass shootings or gun violence is an urgent problem for US society today because hundreds of citizens die annually due to the uncontrolled use of firearms. In this context, it is important to discuss how the problem of a mass shooting can be addressed with a focus on achieving the...

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Please use the Internet, University Library, or other resources to locate a current article that concerns the concept of confidentiality. Read the article and post a short substantive summary of its main points as a response to this message.

The Hawaii State protection of patient privacy received a major boost with the legislation in 1999 requiring confidentiality of patient medical records. However, the failure of the health care industry to comply with these regulations led to its withdrawal in 2001. This legislation contained provisions meant to protect the patient’s...

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In what way(s) does the code of ethics differ from law?

There are several dissimilarities between the law and the code of ethics. Based on its definition, the law governs everyone in the community, state, or nation. Laws safeguard us in two ways. They outlaw detrimental deeds, and they discourage us from undertaking these deeds through punishment. On the other hand,...

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Do you feel that government entities (local, state, federal, schools, etc.) should be mandated to deconstruct their buildings at the end of their life span?

In my own opinion, government entities should be mandated to deconstruct their buildings at the end of their life spans. Deconstruction of buildings is important in maintaining building and safety standards. This is because it can be considered as a means of reducing waste generations. Thus, taking into consideration that...

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You are a newly hired police officer, and while you are on routine patrol, you notice that some of your colleagues are regularly conducting pretextual traffic stops on minority drivers to search for illegal drugs. As a probationary police officer who can be legally terminated without cause during your first year of employment, how would you handle this kind of a situation, if you discovered it to be systemically happening?

If I discovered that the vehicle stops of minority drivers by other police officers were happening systemically, I would pay closer attention to each particular case. In my observation, I would look for evidence that the actions of other officers were not dictated by racial profiling. Since an officer cannot...

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What is the difference between reasonable suspicion and probable cause?

A police officer should have grounds for vehicle detention, which are either reasonable suspicion or probable cause. Reasonable suspicion is “the quantum of knowledge sufficient to induce an ordinarily prudent and cautious person in similar circumstances to believe criminal activity is occurring.” Although reasonable suspicion is not intuition or guess,...

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