List, define, and share applied examples of the marketing eras or orientations.

Modern scientists define several marketing eras or orientations:
The Production Era: products should be inexpensive and available everywhere. Marketing efforts are based on securing the broadest possible distribution. The standard example of applying this era is the Ford Motor Company with its manufacturing system where workers specialized in particular tasks. As a result, the company significantly reduced the cost of manufacturing the products and offered vehicles at prices well below the competition.
The Product Era: marketing efforts are built on the quality, performance, and innovative characteristics of a product. For example, car manufacturers offer different products to give consumers a choice. Also, Steve Jobs used this concept to create a better company (Apple) than his competitors had.
The Selling Era: companies use the aggressive promotion to achieve success without worrying about what consumers need. Example: “unsought goods” – products that people do not want until they are prompted (life insurance, additional bank offers).
The Marketing Era: companies are oriented towards creating products that customers need or want. They use the approach of identifying target markets before making products. Amusement parks and film production companies plan their business according to consumer preferences.
The Holistic Era: marketing combines all aspects of a company’s functions (production, distribution, and advertising). This concept may also be called social or relationship marketing. For example, companies such as HP, Samsung, and Acer produce their goods, keeping the customer in mind.