External audits
Allow an external consultant to examine the process and product.
Positionality
Allow the reader to understand the researcher’s potential biases related to the topic and how he/she is an insider and/or outsider.
Triangulation
Use multiple and different data sources to make conclusions.
Interactive data gathering and analysis
Prior to, during, and following data collection, continue to interact with the group, population, community, or organization that you’re studying.
Member checking
Solicit participants’ views of findings.
Negative case analysis
Refine working hypotheses in light of disconfirming evidence.
Methodological cohesion
Make sure your approach, data collection, and data analysis methods are appropriate for your research question.
Journaling or memoing
Keep a record of your evolving thinking.
Thematic saturation
Keep interviewing until no new themes emerge.
Prolonged engagement in the field
Analyze the data after every few interviews, and adjust your interview questions or sampling strategy to get richer data.