Osteoarthritis occurs due to the degradation of cartilage, ligaments, synovial membranes, joint capsule, and subchondral bones. Numerous genetic mutations in collagen genes and interleukin-1 have been linked to the occurrence of osteoarthritis among young people and old adults. Pathophysiology shows that osteoarthritis degrades cartilage, which is a tissue that protects joints of bones from mechanical friction by providing viscoelastic and compressive attributes. Genetic mutations cause overexpression of enzymes that degrades cartilage, resulting in a net loss of proteoglycans and collagen in bones. The common joins involved are those of hands, knees, hips, neck, and lower back.
Early diagnosis of osteoarthritis is critical to its management because it prevents extensive damage to the cartilage. Treatment entails weight loss to reduce pressure on exposed joints, while physical activity and physiotherapy soften joints’ movements. Pain-relieving using analgesics (Tylenol) and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are appropriate chemotherapy, whereas surgery to replace joints is also effective.