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Thanks to the excellent natural and climatic conditions, Mesopotamia became an attractive region for many peoples, which contributed to the development and enrichment of culture. According to Joseph Futtner, during its existence, Mesopotamia has presented the world with wonderful discoveries and inventions that have become an essential milestone in the...
The Art of Ancient Egypt was created for magical and religious purposes. The functions and symbols disclose the Egyptians’ beliefs about the world. In the Egyptian religious and social context, works of art played a valuable role. For instance, the reliefs on temple walls portraying smiting Egypt’s rivals and the...
The Egyptian architecture survey was weighted in favor of religious and funerary buildings. The 4th Dynasty, also known as the Pyramids of Giza, was built as the royal tombs for the three pharaohs; Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. A mortuary temple was constructed nearby each pyramid connected via a causeway slope...
The Narmer Palette was a shield-like chevron representing King Narmer uniting Lower and Upper Egypt and defeating his rivals. King Narmer’s Palette was modeled complicatedly to represent King Narmer’s victory and the gods’ acceptance of the Egypt unification. One side of the palette, inseparable from Narmer’s image, is portrayed with...
The audience consisting of students in a women’s studies class is likely to be familiar with the movement’s leading causes and outcomes. Therefore, the message should contain more about a particular issue. “Sexual freedom and reproductive rights were crucial for the women’s movement, and while a younger generation supported the...
A historical analysis essay about the women’s suffrage movement is a topic that might be especially interesting for the civil rights movements’ representatives, the minority groups’ protection organizations, or sociologists. The presentation for them should be tailored with the support of scholarly sources, consider their professional background, and contain clear...
Were the Founding Fathers Justified in Declaring Independence? Were the Founding Fathers justified in rebelling against the British government and declaring independence? In a well-developed essay that includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion, explain whether or not the Founding Fathers were justified in declaring independence. Be sure to...
Discuss the ethics and civics of the elite members of colonial society seeking change (later known to us as the Patriots). During the mid-18th Century, English colonists appealed to the metropole for redress of various grievances. Consider the ethics and civics of the elite members of colonial society seeking change...
Utilize your sociological imagination to examine the insurrection that occurred on January 6, 2021, in Washington D.C. Utilize terminology and knowledge to explain what phenomena encouraged the insurrection to occur? Based upon the sociological definition of a social problem, what phenomena within your examination can be classified as a social...
Explore a historical topic and make connections to change over time. Explain how and why slavery developed in the American colonies. Describe in what ways the practice of slavery was different between each colonial region in British North America. Analyze the differences between slaves and indentured servants. Feel free to...
Research the history of English colonists (Patriots), who appealed to the metropole for a redress of various grievances. Consider the ethics and civics of the elite members of colonial society seeking change. Who were they? What methods did they use to further their goals through civic engagement? What ethical considerations...
How did the concept of deduction set ancient Greek mathematics apart from ancient Egyptian mathematics? Discuss specific mathematical principles known to each civilization. Use the McClellan and Dorn’s work as your starting point and effectively use at least one other scholarly source. Make sure to provide an introduction, a body...
What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic? Provide at least two ways in which you consider each type of government to have been successful and two ways in which you consider each to have been unsuccessful. In your conclusion, propose one change for...
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was entitled to inherit the Austria-Hungarian throne, but, lately, he and his wife were assassinated by Serbian nationalists during a visit to Sarajevo on the 28th of June 1914. Franz was an essential figure because this occasion led Austria-Hungary to threaten to go to war with Serbia....
World history clearly emphasizes the notion that the strong rulers had weak advisors or did not have them at all, while weak kings and rulers experienced an essential impact from the side of advisors, ministers, etc. The fact is that, by the time Henry VII came to power, the English...
In order to answer this question, there is a strong necessity to give some facts about the life of Kathryn Swynfiord. As Weir emphasizes: Kathryn Swynford was the daughter of a herald of Guienne and had been married to Sir Hugh Swynford, who had died in 1372 fighting the French....
In order to answer this question, it should be stated that, like in the previous question, the role and power of the church depended on the personality of a monarch. Originally, the church as an institution had immense power over the government and the decision-making process, especially when a monarch...
Originally, it should be stated that various bards, rimers, minstrels, and others were equated to beggars as they traveled from house to house, and their routes were often circuited. The fact is that such behavior was regarded as suspicious by the English government, especially during the period of Owen Glendower’s...
The collapse of the Second Party System of Whigs and Democrats and the Republican victory in the election of 1860 is the inability of the party members to agree on the issue of slavery. Before the Whigs Party collapsed in the 1860s, some significant conflicts did not allow the party...
Historically, religious motives were strong drivers that motivated people to take specific views and social positions. The period of 1692-1693 may be considered an example of such an influence because it marked the time of the Salem Witch Trials in New England’s Puritan society. Ascetic habits and canonic views on...
Women’s issues became so prominent in America’s culture because of the prolonged fight against inequality and the changes within the society. During the 1800s, many cultural transitions happened in the United States, leading to the abolitionist movement and the strengthening of the women’s rights movement. The initiation of this movement...
Ultimately, the British switched to a Southern military strategy in the Revolutionary War in 1778 because of three reasons. The American Revolution was the conflict between the Patriots and Thirteen Colonies and the British, and the defeat of the latter led to the establishment of the United States. Firstly, they...
When African and Asian countries became independent they were caught in the competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. This competition led to rivalry between the Soviet Union and the US because both countries had different ideologies. The soviet wanted to spread communism while the US wanted to...
The US urban crisis that has now been going on for more than a century has the potential of being tackled by either of the two approaches: nationwide politics and municipal reforms. Bridges and Kronick explain the difference between the approaches by using the metaphor of the basketball game. In...
Deng Xiaoping and Mikhail Gorbachev, who were both communists, began serious reforms after the passing of a leader that had detested reforms. Gorbachev replaced the last Mao beneficiary. Deng Xiaoping and his partners succeeded Mao after a power struggle with hardliners in 1978. Mao’s harsh regime that included the starvation...
Origen Origen was a Greek theologian and scripture interpreter of the early church. He was born in Alexandria at around 185 AD and died in 254 AD. In his early years, he was a devoted Christian teacher of Alexandria catechetical school. Origen laid the foundation of Christian theology through the...
Woodrow Wilson was the twenty-eighth president of the United States. Although he was originally from Virginia, Wilson moved as a child and eventually went to Princeton University in New Jersey to pursue a career in law. He received a doctorate in history and political science at Johns Hopkins University before...
The Austrian Habsburg Empire could not become a leader in the reunification of Germany due to internal and external conflicts, although the idea of German unification had many supporters. The internal subjects of the Austrian empire, especially the Hungarians, did not want to strengthen German dominance further for fear of...
Since 1932, the Japanese military almost completely controlled the entire political life of Japan. This led to the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War and the entry of Japan into World War II. The main foreign policy goal of Japan was to expand the zone of influence in East Asia. In...
Post-imperial China was in a period of decline, one of the most difficult in history. The country ceased to be united; confrontations by militarists tormented it, then the struggle of the nationalist Kuomintang party and the Communists came to the fore. The victory of the Communist Party and the proclamation...
NATO is a military-political bloc founded to protect Europe from Soviet influence. This is a “transatlantic forum” for consultations by the Allied countries on any issues affecting the vital interests of its members. One of the stated goals of NATO is to deter any form of aggression against the territory...
Unlike Lincoln, Jefferson Davis was not as effective of a leader to communicate the meaning of war sufficiently to regular people. Also, the lack of the party system in the Confederacy showed to be a political liability. The Confederate nation, despite raising armies from scratch and building manufacturing plants, failed...
By the dawn of the 20th century, American liberty was experiencing a key moment of history. It can be argued that all races, including African-Americans, women, and immigrants, now had the blessings of freedom, albeit with some limitations. Nevertheless, in terms of lawfully defined liberty, there was no longer the...
The Constitution of the United States was intended for creating a legislature, an executive, and a national judiciary that would operate throughout the country and resolve main issues associated with public and private affairs. States would be banned from infringing upon property rights while the government would represent the people....
The American System was an economic project developed in the first half of the 19th century by a Senator of Kentucky, Henry Clay. Henry Clay (1777-1852), being the Whig party leader, having multiple unsuccessful attempts to become a president, and being the most eminent member of the Senate, was the...
The Missouri Compromise was the U.S. federal legislation that allowed Missouri to be a twenty-fourth free independent state in 1820. Missouri’s territory applied for statehood in 1818, and it was evident that slavery would spread all over it. Later the state proclaimed itself ready for slavery, and this decision divided...
During the textile industry ride in the United States, the Lowell System was created as a model of labor and production. Francis Cabot Lowell in Massachusetts invented the model. He pursued the goal of creating a system that would be more efficient with the guidelines of education, morals, and work...
Plutarch repeatedly emphasizes Alexander’s self-restraint to demonstrate his exceptional moral virtue. Indeed, Alexander never associated with any of the women from his conquered territories. What is more, he tended to ignore his female prisoners, eager to demonstrate “has chastity and self-control”. In such a manner, Alexander aspired to display his...
Alexander was highly educated and literate, and Plutarch provides several proofs for this fact. First of all, his father paid much attention to his training. Philip understood that his son’s education “was too important to be entrusted to the ordinary run of teachers”. Instead of limiting Alexander’s training to general...
Addressing the major sources of friction between the Indians and the English in Virginia and Massachusetts Bay, it appears that they are both connected to the issue of land owing. However, the cases are slightly different in these lands. Firstly, in Virginia, the settlers faced the difficulties of surviving the...
Throughout the seventeenth century, indentured servitude and slavery contributed significantly to the expansion of the colonial economy. Before the Indian and the French war, the American colonies mainly ruled themselves and had a relatively healthy economy. Despite their success in political matters, the colonists urgently needed help with work as...
Robin Osborne in his article “Law, the democratic citizen and the representation of women in classical Athens”; starts by arguing that the qualification for Athenian citizenship was to be based on the descent of individuals from both an Athenian Mother and father. The reasons for the author’s argument in this...
The balance of power between settled life and pastoralism was noticed to have shifted in favor of the settlers because pastoralism was blamed for depletion and desertification of resources, as well as in causing environmental degradation. At present, however, pastoralism is still a predominant way of life in some parts...
Chapter 2 from the book Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism by James W. Loewen demonstrates the struggle between the northern and the southern states related to the problem of African American representatives of the US. Restrictions provided toward the Black part of the American society since the...
Ancient Rome accepted noblewomen to be recognized as citizens though with restrictions that limited their interests in leadership politically. The Roman society which could be described as patriarchal did not allow women to participate in politics despite their outspoken nature. The women, however, continued to fight for their political space...
A neolithic revolution occurred when agriculture replaced hunting and gathering as ancient people settled. According to Hunt et al 14, the agricultural revolution describes the period around 10, 000 BC, when the rise of human settlements forced people to plant crops and rear animals as an alternative form of earning...
At the end of the 18th and the beginning of 19th century, there were historical conditions for the rise of independence movements in Latin America. The development of revolutionary processes was accelerated by the French revolution. The direct response to it was the revolution of the slaves in Haiti (1791-1803),...
The spread of populism in Latin America was one of the huge phenomena in the political world, and the rising development of populism in Argentina was one of the most significant stages of Latin America’s political life. Through the period of Peron’s government, the populism in Argentina had peaked at...
The Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran was meant to establish a theocratic state based on the teachings of Islam. Iran’s monarch called Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini. The revolution took place to oppose Shah’s westernized type of rule. The monarch was seen as an instrument...
From the colonial period, Latin America had always suffered from exploitation, first by the European powers and later from the autocrats who ruled the countries. American interference in Latin America through the 19th and the 20th century revolved around reinforcing its influence but never in trying to change the system...
The poor economic conditions in East Germany forced the East German government to allow its citizens to cross the Berlin Wall and visit West Germany in 1989. The West Germans welcomed their estranged countrymen, and the citizens of both countries literally tore down the Berlin wall paving the way for...
Detente means the ceasing of hostilities and de-escalation through diplomacy and confidence building measures. Ostpolitk is a German concept of bringing change in relations through rapprochement, normalizing relations between estranged countries as practised by erstwhile West Germany to bring about a closer relationship with East Germany and Eastern Europe.
NPT – Non-Proliferation Treaty. SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. START- Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction.
India, after independence, did not want to join either the Western Bloc of the Soviet Bloc and thus espoused the cause of the Non-Aligned Movement to which most of the recently independent third world countries of Asia and Africa joined up.
In 1962, ethnic Uighurs of Islamic faith from China’s Xinjiang province escaped into Russia to escape persecution by the Chinese which the Chinese authorities blamed the Russians for instigation unrest. China also contested the Ussuri river boundary created in colonial times, objecting that Russia had annexed Chinese territory. This led...
The One China policy states that the People Republic of China is the sole legitimate government of mainland China, Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and any other disputed territories that China may have with its neighbors.
The Chinese Civil War was fought between the American backed Nationalist forces led by Chiang Kai Shek, and the Soviet backed Communist Party of China led by Mao Tse Tung. The war began in 1927 and, after a brief interlude, continued until 1949 when the nationalist forces were defeated and...
In 1961, the CIA trained a group of Cuban exiles to carry out a coup against Castro and landed them at Bay of Pigs to execute the operation. The plans had been compromised, and the invasion failed miserably.
The domino theory posited that if one country fell to communist rule, then others would follow suit like a stack of dominos that commences toppling after the first domino is toppled.
Diem used tortures and executions to root out communist sympathisers in South Vietnam. He persecuted the Buddhist sects to consolidate his hold and rigged the poll on the future of his rule-making him a despised ruler.
The Geneva accord of 1954 stipulated the end of the First Indo-China war, with the French agreeing to withdraw from Indo-China, creating three countries of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.
The US had been covertly supporting French Troops in Indo China to prevent their defeat to Communist forces. When the French were defeated, America feared that the ‘Domino Effect’ would see the whole of South East Asia fall under the sway of communism and hence their involvement in SE Asia...
To prevent American defeat in the face of the Chinese onslaught during the Korean War, McArthur intended to use atomic bombs against Chinese forces.
In 1950, the Soviet Union boycotted the Security Council meetings over the issue of nationalist Chinese representation at the United Nations.
The veto was prevented because the Soviet Union had boycotted the Council, which allowed other members of the Security Council to push through a resolution.
The Soviets denied access to the northern parts of Korea, which caused the US to counter Soviet expansionism by proposing to hold separate elections in the Southern part of Korea. This was opposed by South Korean communists that finally led to the breakdown of talks by both sides, and elections...
The Japanese defeat in the Second World War led to the liberation of Korea from Japanese rule. The two main victors, the Soviet Union and the United States decided to divide Korea along the 38th parallel as their respective spheres of influence.
The spread of communism in East Asia and thereon to South East Asia in the early 1950s alarmed the United States, who perceived the rise of communism in SE Asia and the reduction of American strategic influence in South East Asia.
The British chose not to vote for the partition of Palestine because they feared that it would lead to the deepening of the conflict between Arabs and the Jews and also put Britain in a strategically weaker position in the Middle East.
The Committee proposed the termination of the British Mandate and the partition of Palestine between the Jewish state and a Palestinian Arab state.
World War II, the emigration of Jews out of Europe to escape extermination by Nazi Germany and the Jewish support for Britain broke the equidistant policy of Britain vis a vis Palestine in favor of the Jews.
The Balfour declaration of 1917 was intended to create a Jewish state of Israel within the lands of Palestine without prejudice to the rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.
In 1958, the Iraqi monarchy was overthrown, and the Coup leader General Abdul Karim Qasim withdrew Iraq from the Baghdad Pact, seeking better ties with the Soviet Union. Since Baghdad no longer was a member of the pact, the name was dropped, and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) was adopted.
The Baghdad Pact, 1955 adopted by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the UK was a pact aimed at ensuring mutual cooperation, protection and non-intervention in each other’s affairs with a view to containing Soviet expansion in the Middle East.
The Soviet interest in the Arab Middle East after the Second World War stemmed from their direct competition with their Cold War adversary, the U.S., to conduct ‘wars of liberation under communist leadership in the Middle East.
Morgan’s 19th-century fishing village was picturesque of Morgan embedded in cement. Colonel Edward Green bought the monument of Morgan and built a cofferdam to conserve this monument. This dam had water supplies and was surrounded by shops that made the site attractive to people. Colonel Green invested over a quarter-million...
To accommodate changing views in 1932, when whale conservation became an international topic, the museum changed appropriately. First, the ODHS declared that it was not a conservation group but a historical site This move enabled society to evade legislation that sought to establish an outright ban on some whaling practices....
In the terms ‘fancy balls and scrimshaws’, there are symbols representing this history. This history is represented as large wonderful carvings engraved on whalebacks. Locals of New Bedford were not pleased with historical revivalism and felt that everything had shifted from heritage to entrepreneurship. According to locals, this was not...
With the entry of the whaling industry in New England, an old type of manhood was lost. In the 1700s, colonists began to develop their own whale fishery, but this did not involve long-distance voyages. In the early 1800s, whale populations around the shore of New England began to wane,...
The most important time in American history, in my opinion, was the period when Europe was in turmoil, and the reverberations emitted from that turmoil were breaking and re-shaping a land not merely into a new land but a new civilization, was the eighteenth century. So, I would like to...
Mercantilism was an economic model, which developed in Europe in the eighteenth century. It was so named by a famous economist of the period, Adam Smith. Mercantilism called for state regulation for protecting industries and commerce. Its primary objective was to enrich one’s export to other nations and reduce imports...
British colonists imposed severe and oppressive taxes on the Americans. The Americas refused to follow the various Coercive acts which they imposed on them. Their reasoning was simple; they said there could be ‘no taxation, without representation’ (representation meaning representation of the colonies in the British Parliament). As their pleas...
The Native Americans had an elaborate economic, political, cultural, and military system until the Europeans began to pour into the New Land. They were not mere studded ethnic groups and interacted with each other often, both in times of war and in times of peace. However, the development of new...
The African Americans mostly originated from the imprisoned Africans who were held in the United States as slaves from the year 1619 to 1865. The American Civil War was the War between the Eleven Southern slave states that affirmed their rebellion from the United States and hence created the Confederate...
The Normans originated during the feudalism era. They were the Carolingian rulers. The struggle between the kings and the nobles promoted the new wave of invaders. The Mediterranean south was invaded by the Saracens or Moors, Muslim pirates from North Africa. The Normans (Northmen) of Scandinavia appeared on the coast...
Factors that lead to the fusion of the German invaders and the Gallo-Roman population. The death of Attila prompted the collapse of his empire in 463 and this led to the collaboration of and the fusion of the Gallo-Roman peoples and the settled German invaders. The Huns, who were vanquished...
The origin of Domus has been associated with the erosion of Royal power prompted the power of the Merovingian king to introduce new forms of power. There were high officials charged with services at the king’s court. Within this rudimentary court, the greatest power was in the hands of the...
Many young Jews turn towards Zionists in order to become like everybody else. Zionists symbolized Jewish modernity and self-identity. For most Jews, “Zionism did foresee a perfectly healthy society.” For most young Jews, it was a promise for a better life and life opportunities. “Zionism and Bolshevism shared a messianic...
The Stalinist regime gave greater opportunities to Jews and allowed them to occupy administrative posts. Slezkine admits that NKVD was “the most Jewish of all Soviet institutions.” For the community to have a significant representation among such a class would seem either to contradict the world view and ethos of...
The Transformation policy changed attitudes towards Jews and created a negative image of this nation. On the one hand, Jews were perceived as bourgeoisie in contrast to proletariat and peasants. It was Jews who formed the “backbone of the new Soviet bureaucracy.” The positive was that the Great Transformation Policy...
The book “Jewish Century” by Yuri Slezkine vividly portrays unique social and cultural factors that affected Jews in Russia. The author proposes a unique interpretation of the history and development of the Jewish nation and its self-identity. Slezkine states that the history of Jewish elites in Russia reveals a successful...
The Code of Hammurabi or the Codex Hammurabi is one of the earliest preserved codes of law from Ancient Babylon. Scholars date its creation to around 1760 BC. As the name suggests its was enacted by King Hammurabi of Babylon in an effort to codify existing laws such as the...
The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest war in US history, and though it took only one day, it recorded the worst casualties in US civil wars. It involved two major armies; the Union led by Major General George B. McClellan and the confederate led by General Robert E. Lee....
The Reagan Doctrine was formulated and executed by the US in opposition to the global acclaim of the USSR in the last stages of the Cold War. It didn’t last even a decade. It became the focal point of foreign policies of the American Government up to 1991. It aimed...
In the first chapter of the book, various causes or motivators of globalization in the twenty-first century are illustrated. One such evident factor that has continued to influence industrialization is the increased competition among countries to acquire global knowledge, criteria which India is identified as having acquired by advancing their...
Jack Welch as a pragmatic leader, employed the principles of creating a holding environment and thus could set directions by framing key questions on the future of GE. In general, the initiatives of Jack Welch at GE followed the policy of introducing periodical key corporate initiatives like aspiring to become...
After a thorough reengineering of the businesses, Jack Welch took up the task of bringing changes to the organization. The first actions of Jack involved the reduction of sector levels and the number of hierarchical levels. The number of hierarchical levels was brought from nine to four, which eased the...
Jack Welch focused on collecting the available resources of the company to direct his focus on the key business areas of GE. This exactly matches the “meeting the disruptive challenge” strategy, which provides that the organization first needs to assess its capabilities in the areas of resources, processes, and values...
At this point in time, Jack Welch took the position of the CEO of the General Electric Corporation in the year 1981; there were a number of challenges which he had to face to turn around the company. The foremost were the expectations and doubts cast on the minds of...
Songhay Empire (1271-1591) was an African state in West Africa with its capital in Mali in the city of Gao. It existed before the colonial rule, and between the 15th and 16th century it was the largest African empire on record. This empire got its name from the ethnic group...