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The New England Colonies (or the Northern Colonies) included Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware and were inhabited by small proprietors who held to strict Puritanism. The people who settled in the New England Colonies were called “Pilgrims.” Explanation: Favorable conditions for the...
The Treaty of Ghent concluded on the 24th of December 1814 had completed the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The agreement restored relations between the two countries to the status quo — that is, it restored the borders of...
The XYZ Affair refers to a diplomatic incident between France and the United States in 1797-1798. Later it led to the undeclared war known as the Quasi-War between the U.S. and Republican France. Peace was restored with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine. Explanation: The...
Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan was introduced in the early 60s of the 19th century. The Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan included political reforms and changes in the southern states after the events of the US civil war. One of the hallmarks of this Act was its peaceful and restorative character. The Lincoln’s Reconstruction...
Glenn Frey was the vocalist and guitarist for the band, replacing one of the previous performers. This happened in the early 70s of the 20th century, and before that, he was already known as one of the many purposeful and promising members of small bands. Glenn became part of The...
Fear of foreigners or strangers is a mental health issue called “xenophobia.” The leading causes of xenophobia are divided into those based on internal factors and external factors. Internal factors may be improper nurture, which manifests itself in arrogant behavior and features of the native culture, such as voluntary isolation....
The right of intercession concerning all authorities, combined with the right to administrative penalties for criminal charges and broad legislative initiative, gave the Tribune of the Plebs extraordinary political power. Initially, they used force for the state welfare, and in the end, served as a dangerous tool in the hands...
The war that broke out between Britain and Zanzibar in 1896 lasted only 40 minutes. This armed conflict, in which the British colonialists and the Zanzibar Sultanate confronted, went down in history as the shortest war in the world. Explanation: The invasion of imperial troops on the territory of the...
The Soviet Union created the Molotov Plan in 1947, a program aiming to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were politically assigned to the Soviet Union. The Plan was proposed as the Soviet Union rejected the Marshall Plan created by Americans. Explanation: Britain, France, and the United States tried...
The last representative of the Habsburg dynasty on the Spanish throne was born in Madrid in 1661. Charles II was the son of Philip IV of Spain and his second wife Mariana of Austria, who was his niece. Explanation: The Habsburg House was considered the most powerful dynasty in medieval...
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest was published by the vice president John C. Calhoun in response to the Tariff of Abominations, which favored the North economy at the expense of the South. Explanation: The Tariff of Abominations placed nearly 50% of taxes on foreign manufactured goods, which was disadvantageous...
Reconstruction may be defined as a period in the history of the United States after the Civil War that is characterized by significant political, economic, and social changes connected with the abolition of slavery. Unfortunately, it may be regarded as a failure due to its rejection by white southerners and...
During World War I, at the beginning of the 20th century, Americans renamed hamburgers to the “liberty sandwiches” due to the German etymology of the word “hamburger.” The meal appearance dates back to the 1840s when there was an impressive amount of German immigrants in the United States due to political...
The Benedictine rule offers a comprehensive directory for reaching the main idea of both spiritual and physical well-being of a monastery or monk. The latter is expected to integrate manual labor, prayer, and study into a daily routine. Developed by St. Benedict in AD 480-550 for monks in the abbey...
The historically significant of McCulloch v. Maryland has genuinely revealed the concept of the inherent powers of the U.S. Congress. During this process, Maryland’s state leadership taxed a branch of the National Federal Bank, which was sharply opposed by the chief cashier, James McCulloch. The conflict reached the Supreme Court,...
The Anti-Comintern Pact means an agreement concluded first between Germany and Japan on November 25, 1936, and then between Italy, Germany, and Japan on November 6, 1937. It was targeted supposedly at stopping the spread of Communism around the world and against the Communist International (Comintern). However, the pact, in fact,...
Protectorate is a country that is mainly governed and defended by a more powerful country that serves as the protector. Explanation: Protectorate is a state or a territory that is partly administered by a stronger state but is autonomous in internal politics. Hence, it does not imply the possession of...
The White League was created as a paramilitary structure, actively promoting a policy of white supremacy and acting as the opposition to Republican government forces. The main goal of the League was to create chaos in a variety of ways to reduce the number of Republicans voting and organizing. The...
The construction of the state of a new democracy was directly connected with the implementation of the Three Principles of the People of Sun Yat-sen. To one degree or another, these principles, which are nationalism, democracy, and national prosperity, were reflected in the content of the theory and practice of...
The Yamasee war held between 1715 and 1717 was an armed conflict between British colonists and Indians in the area of the present state of South Carolina. The Indians killed hundreds of colonists, and many settlements were destroyed. Free traders were murdered throughout the southeastern region of the United States....
In order to answer the question how did Christopher Columbus die and when his death took place, it is important to reflect on his gout condition. Modern medical specialists mostly agree on the fact that there was a different environment during his life, which is why it is believed that...
The US Supreme Court’s decision in Barron vs. Baltimore case in 1833 emphasized that the Bill of Rights restricts the rights of the federal government, but not the rights of the states. Barron vs. Baltimore ruling stated that the first ten Amendments to the Constitution of the US that are...
The Carroll doctrine is a principle, according to which police officers are allowed to search a vehicle without having a warrant if they have a reason to believe it necessary. Explanation: In most cases, a policeman needs the warrant to search, but there are a few exceptions. One of them...
In European history, the divine right of kings is a political doctrine that supports the monarchical absolutism, which stated that kings got their authority and power from God. That is why they cannot be responsible for any of their actions and by any authority such as a parliament. Explanation: The...
The Pope’s Rebellion or the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was a rebellion of the Pueblo Indian tribes against the oppression of the Spanish colonizers, who imposed on them the Christian faith and their orders. The uprising was organized by the Pueblo leader Pope, and the memory of the uprising influences...
It was the wife of the 11th President of the United States, James Polk, named Sarah Childress-Polk. Although she did not recognize it in life, most historians believe that the ban on slutty lifestyles, card games, and dancing at balls is directly related to the religiousness of women. Explanation: The...
John Roebling is an outstanding civil engineer who was born in Germany and earned fame in the United States. His primary invention is a steel wire rope, and it allowed Roebling to create his industrial complex. Its production allowed him to realize his other passion – suspension bridges. His most famous...
Yazoo Land Fraud is a massive fraud with real estate, during which the U.S. State of Georgia’s politicians in 1794 sold vast tracts of land to political insiders at meager prices. In 1796 the state made attempts to return the land. These disputes reached the Supreme Court, but it settled...
The Chola empire managed to conquer many territories due to its ruling system, powerful authorities, and continuous cultural enrichment. The empire symbolizes a fundamental stage in history, which enriched the culture and contributed to civilization’s growth. Explanation: Chola is the empire in Southern India that became one of the dynasties...
The California Bear Flag Republic existed for two weeks, numbered only about two hundred citizens, and did not have any civilian government. Explanation: To determine Bear Flag Republic definition, it is necessary to turn back to this historical epoch when the collapse of the Mexican state occurred in 1846. At...
A mercenary is a person who engages in armed conflict not from ideological, national, political considerations, does not belong to any ideological group interested in the outcome of the conflict, and not in accordance with military duty, but for personal gain. Explanation: In order to understand the definition of a...
The murder in 1881 of President J. Garfield, committed by one of the disappointed applicants for public office, aroused great indignation of the population. This forced both parties to enforce through the Congress the United States Civil Service Improvement and Regulation Act, named after its author by Pendleton’s Law. Since...
Munn and his partner Scott argued that the Illinois legislature could not regulate the work of their private enterprise, the granary. Explanation: The Munn v. Illinois case is quite famous. If you are searching for an answer to the question “Why is the Wabash case important in history?”, you need...
The Belmont Report, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, was issued in 1978 by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The report is significant because it addresses the problems and describes basic ethical principles and important guidelines for...
During the Civil War, the Border States that included Kentucky, Delaware, Missouri, Maryland, and West Virginia were the slave states that didn’t leave the Union. They played a rather important role in the Union’s victory as they gave the advantage in money, factories, and troops. Explanation: The American Civil War...
The Hammurabi definition is that it was the name of one of the monarchs who governed Babylonia in the 18th century BC. During his reign, King Hammurabi united Babylon and neighboring cities into a single state and expanded the borders of the newly formed empire to the entire region of...
Alexander Mitchell was an American politician and the 50th U.S. Attorney General under the 28th President of the United States of America Thomas Woodrow Wilson. Under Mitchell’s leadership Palmer Raids were conducted. A. Mitchell Palmer and his raids were a response to the Red Scares. Explanation: The revolution in Russia...
The Zimmerman Note is one of the most important documents in U.S. and world history because this letter initiated the participation of the United States in the First World War (WWI). In this letter, Germany invited Mexico to become an ally and start a war against the United States. Explanation:...
The House of Burgesses was the Lower Chamber of the Virginia General Assembly, the first legislative representative of the Virginia colony. Since its initiation in 1642, the House has been a public administration tool that has some independence and existed separately from the Governor and the Council appointed by the...
Miranda’s rule is a notification and warning that, following United States law, regulates the arrest of suspects by law enforcement agencies. According to this rule, law enforcement officials must notify suspects of their rights and, in turn, should receive a positive answer to the question of whether the suspect understands...
Askia Muhammad I, also known as Askia the Great, was the ruler of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. His most significant achievements are extensive reforms and strengthening the country, which ultimately led to the creation of the largest empire in the history of West...
Branzburg v. Hayes case raised a question of journalists’ preemptive right not to disclose evidence about the confidential sources or data gathered. The case was combined with the other two precedents: In re Pappas and United States v. Caldwell. The discussion challenged the US First Amendment values that prohibit to...
The history of Cajun Trinity is tied to the French immigrants, who were forced to migrate from Acadia (now called Nova Scotia) in Canada to Louisiana starting from the beginning to mid-sixteenth century. These immigrants are now called Cajun people and Acadians. Upon arrival, they were incredibly poor and had...
Implied powers are the powers granted to government and its political units, which are not stated in the Constitution. They are the result of other direct powers, where they expand the scope of their reach and authority. It is highly common around the globe for governments to possess implied powers....
The Battle of Chaeronea decided the fate of Greece where its freedom perished. The battle took place in early August 338 BC. At dawn, both troops lined up against each other in the Battle of Chaeronea and Philip had only about 32 thousand people, and the Hellenic forces were 50...
The summary of the Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg board of education case can be limited to the creation of busing programs that tried to contribute to racial integration in US public schools. It was one of many attempts to fight against racial segregation in American society. Explanation: The Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg...
The Connecticut Compromise was an agreement that established the structure of the U.S. legislative branch, creating a Congress with two branches: an upper house, called the Senate, and a lower house, called the House of Representatives. The agreement also stipulated that each state would have two senators, and representation in...
In 1779, Colonel John Boyd and his Patriot forces unexpectedly attacked Loyalists led by Colonel Andrew Pickens near Kettle Creek and defeated them despite their numerical superiority and more advantageous positions. Explanation: The Battle of Kettle Creek is a minor encounter between Loyalists (Tories) and Patriots that happened on February...
The monument was built in 1832 as a tribute to the memory and respect of the first US president, George Washington, on his anniversary. Today many historians are trying to answer the question: was the Washington Monument built by slaves? There is no straightforward answer to this question, and it...
The Aztec government is characterized as being similar to a monarchy, where the emperor represented a primary ruler over the territories. Besides, the empire had a sophisticated law structure, possessing unique features. Explanation: Aztec Empire existed in the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century on the territories of...
The Gaspee incident is inextricably linked to the history of the American struggle for independence. Gaspee would be a mighty British customs schooner, carrying out maritime navigation control on the territory of the peninsula Gaspee Point. On June 9, 1772, the ship was attacked by American forces. The attack intensified...
The Virginia resolves was the culmination of American public opposition in the British colonies. Speaking out against some of the king’s unjust laws, according to the Americans, one of the fighters for independence, Patrick Henry, came forward with a resolution on May 29, 1765, which initiated the formation of independent...
The Lau v. Nichols case was one of the most significant legal events in the history of bilingual education, which was brought to deal with discrimination of non-English speaking students in the U.S. schools. The case ruled that denial of meaningful language instruction to the students who do not speak...
The Compromise of 1877 is defined as an informal agreement between Southern Democrats and allies of Rutherford Hayes, the Republican Party candidate. Also known as the Great Betrayal or the Corrupt Bargain, the Compromise of 1877 aimed to settle the results of the 1876 presidential election and marked the end...
The Knights of Labor was a poorly organized labor union tasked with promoting the rights of the working population in the 19th century. Explanation: The Knights of Labor is the term referring to the history of the labor movement in the United States and other English-speaking countries. The Knights of...
The Western Schism, also called Great Western Schism, or Schism of 1378, was a division in the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in 1378. During this period, there were three popes who claimed the papacy. The Western Schism was mostly driven by politics, rather than a religious dispute between the...
The Renaissance began in Italy in the fourteenth century. The main characteristics of this period are the revival of literature and art, many scientific discoveries, humanism, as well as the Reformation of the church. Explanation: One needs to delve deeper into the Renaissance history to answer the question “Where and how...
Proprietary colonies were created, like any other colonies, to conquer territories, extract resources and resettle people from Europe. However, their peculiarity was that they were owned and run by individual families or the person appointed by the English Crown. Explanation: The American territories of the time of the English colonization...
The Justinian’s Code contains imperial constitutions, which are included in the codes of Gregorian and Theodosius and are still valid until Justinian, supplemented by later novels and modified according to the needs of the time. The Justinian’s Code consists of 12 books, books, in turn, consist of titles, titles are...
The Articles of Confederation, approved on November 15, 1777, by the Second Continental Congress, was the first-ever attempt in American history to establish an equal representation of the states in terms of the federal government. The strengths of this document include the creation of the Northwest Ordinance and signing successful...
Velasco Treaty consisted of two documents, which were a secret treaty and a public treaty that were signed in Texas in 1836. The goal of the treaty was to end the hostile relationship between the Republic of Texas and Mexico. Explanation: Treaty that was signed in Velasco was the result...
Concurrent powers are those powers that are exercised by both federal and state governments simultaneously. Collecting taxes, establishing courts, enforcing laws, borrowing money, and providing for the general welfare of American citizens are examples of the concurrent powers in the Constitution of the United States. Explanation: The principle of concurrent...
On April 20, 1817, the United States and Great Britain signed the Rush Bagot Treaty. It was one of the first acts signed during James Monroe’s first presidential term. The treaty aimed to regulate the naval armaments of each country to one ship each on Lakes Ontario and Champlain, and...
The Battle for Dunkirk is usually understood as a historic event, as a result of which the combined forces of Britain and France managed to avoid large losses of lethal battle with the Nazis on the English Channel, especially near Dunkirk. It is still not clear what was driving Hitler...
The Dartmouth v. Woodward case was a case between Dartmouth College and Whitlock, who was suited for taking over the college and overstepping his legal abilities. Even though the state court sided with Whitlock, the Supreme Court reversed the decision. The case contributed to the establishment of prohibiting states from...
The Triple Alliance was composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The three countries formed a treaty that ultimately contributed to the start of World War I. Explanation: Signed on May 20, 1882, the Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, which were also known as the...
Prior to the ratification of the 17th US Amendment, which declared the shift in the senators’ election process, senators were chosen with the help of state legislatures. Election framers believed that such a system would establish a tighter bond between the local governments and the overall US federal system. Explanation:...
The Connecticut compromise, approved on July 16, 1787, was a legislative agreement concerning the number of seats and legal representation of the US states in both the US Senate and the House of Representatives. Explanation: After the Declaration of Independence of the United States in 1776, a lot of legal...
William Marbury was born in 1762 and became a successful American politician and businessman. He is famous for his role in the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, and is often remembered as one of John Adam’s “Midnight Judges”. Explanation: William Marbury was born on November 7, 1762,...
The Second Agricultural Revolution took place in England between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. The factors that led to the Revolution included favorable conditions such as increased farmland and better climate. Another important factor was the invention of new tools, which resulted in the advancement of society by developing the...
The coercive acts were the set of four laws that were used by Parliament of Britain to punish the Massachusets Colonists after the Boston Tea Party. For Parliament, the purpose of the acts was to gain authority as the British Colonies were showing resistance. The coercive acts included the Boston...
The Battle of Thames occurred in Ontario, Canada, on the Thames River, and ended in victory for the United States. The battle was a significant event due to the death of the American Indian leader Tecumseh, which resulted in the termination of Tecumseh’s Confederacy. Additionally, British forces were defeated and...
The growing unevenness in the development of the capitalist countries led to the emergence of various theories of the struggle for world domination. They constituted the content of the imperialist policy of many leading powers, the continuation of which was to become an imperialist war. Explanation: At the turn of...
A proprietary colony is a type of colony developed during the 17th century, in which influential citizens of Britain were given vast lands in the New World to survey and develop. Explanation: Throughout the 17th century, three types of colonies were used by the British. A royal colony was directly...
The purpose of the Declaration of Independence was threefold: to officially inform Britain about the colonies’ secession, to rally supporters of the independence cause in America, and to obtain allies abroad. These three tasks corresponded to the three intended audiences of the document: the British government officials, the colonial population,...
Platt amendment was a domestic amendment to U.S. law that governed the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from the Cuban territory. It contained a number of provisions that were later incorporated into the international treaty between Cuba and the United States, some of which were incorporated into...
Queen Himiko, or Pimiko, was a semi-legendary figure of Japan history. In 3 century CE, she was a ruler of the territory in Ancient Japan, also known as Hsieh-ma-t’ai, or Yamatai. Explanation: It is believed that Queen Himiko lived between 183 and 248 CE. However, it is interesting to mention...
According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, constitutional monarchy is a system of government in which a monarch does not hold absolute power (as in absolute monarchy) but shares it with a constitutionally organized government. Explanation: A monarchy as a form of government has been known since ancient times. It implies that the...
Several significant issues fueled the regulator movement in the US. The origin of the War of the Regulation comes from the massive growth in the population of North and South Carolina after migration from big eastern cities to the rural west had intensified. Explanation: The regulator movement happened in the...
The ultimate purpose of Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan was to gain independence from England for the United States and establish an efficient economic system in the country. The first secretary of the treasury, Hamilton, was asked to develop public creditworthiness internally, and externally with foreign partners. Moreover, his objectives included...
Writ of assistance is a written order granted by a court that instructs the local law enforcement to assist in performing some task. Most famously, writs of assistance were used by customs officials to search for smuggled goods, as they also granted the bearer rights to search someone’s property without...
Sectionalism is a concern and loyalty to a distinct part of a country over the entirety of it. For example, in the history of the United States, the Southern citizens were loyal to Southern states, not the whole nation. It had ultimately led to secession and war. Explanation: Any country...
The Bayonet Constitution is the act of signing a new Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom by King David Kalakaua. The terms of the rebellion of 1887 were the transfer of power to local elites and joining the United States. In summary, the monarchy ended in 1893 due to the overturn....
Near v. Minnesota is a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States issued in 1931. The ruling had established that prior restraint on publication violated freedom of the press as protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. Explanation: Near v....
President Nixon signed the Health Maintenance Organization Act (HMO Act) on December 29, 1973. This law established the framework for the development of an alternative system of paid health care. HMOs are medical insurance organizations that are specific to providing medical services for an annual fixed fee. Explanation: Prior to the...
The Dawes Act of 1887 was a part of the federal policy during the reservation era to speed the assimilation of Indians into American society. The Dawes Act was designed to benefit Native Americans by improving their living conditions. On the other hand, the law was an effort to deprive...
The Tennessee Butler Act of 1925 was adopted in order to prohibit teachers of public educational organizations from teaching the evolutionary theory. The Act was intended to protect the idea that human species were originated from God and not a result of evolution. Explanation: In March 1925, Tennessee passed the...
Federalist paper 78 is one of the essays in the collection of papers written in the form of the discussions of the US Constitution. It was written by Alexander Hamilton on May 28, 1788, and specifically discusses the issues concerning the judiciary system of the United States of America as...
The purpose of the Boland Amendment was to prohibit the U.S. federal government from spending financial resources and military equipment to overthrow Nicaraguan authorities. U.S. President Ronald Reagan wanted to destroy a pro-communist regime that had aggressively established itself in Nicaragua. He believed that the threat of an ongoing civil...
Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936 was signed between Germany and Japan to ratify the agreement between these two states to fight against the spread of the Communist International in the world. The pact was aimed at the elimination of the global influence of the Soviet Union. Explanation: In the 1930-s, the...
The proclamation of 1763 forbade white settlement on the territories of America to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. The document declared by the British king George III restricted colonists to territories that were recognized as Native American lands. Explanation: The proclamation of 1763 was an important historical event that...
The purpose of the 11th amendment to the US Constitution is to prohibit the US courts from hearing the court cases against states if the suit is commenced by a citizen of another state or a foreign country. This amendment is important because it provides the basis for sovereign immunity...
The Suffolk Resolves was a declaration that led to several British American colonies to declare their grievances against Britain. This created a push to unify the colonies and increased support for an armed rebellion. Ultimately, this led to the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolutionary War....
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois, 118 U.S. 557 (1886), more commonly known as Wabash vs. St. Louis or The Wabash Case, is a U. S. Supreme Court case which led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Explanation: As railroads expanded throughout the United States...
On October 28, 312 A.D., Constantin the Great defeated his rival Maxentius against all odds and attributed his victory to the God of Christians. In an attempt to retreat by the Milvian Bridge, most of the Maxentius’s army and himself drowned in the Tiber. Explanation: Emperor Diocletian planted the seeds...
The Anaconda Plan was part of the military campaign of the Federal Army against the southern states during the Civil War. It assumed the naval blockade of ports of the Confederacy as well as the establishment of control and transfer of troops along the Mississippi River. The name of the...
The Bisbee Deportation event is an illegal deportation occurrence, where Phelps Dodge ordered to deport 1300 protestants in 1917. The given event Bisbee deportation took place in Bisbee, Arizona, and the Bisbee deportation significance was conducted by kidnapping and arresting striking miners and their supporters. The victims were loaded on...
The American Liberty League was founded in 1934 as an opposition to the forces of President Roosevelt. Its members demanded a review of the social and economic situation in the country, namely the cessation of preferential support for unemployment and the abolition of public works. Explanation: U.S. history knows many...
The Maryland Toleration Act is a historical document, founded on April 21, 1649, in the current state of Maryland, USA. The Act legally established religious freedom, but only among Christians. Thus, according to the regulations, it was possible to believe in any unit of the Christian religion. It was forbidden...
The purpose of the self-strengthening movement in China was to help the country recover from the repeated failures in wars in the middle of the 19th century. The Chinese authorities intended to reform the military and economic sectors to strengthen the state’s position in comparison to the European countries at...